GENDER BIAS

Question 1

define gender bias

Answer 1

psychological research/theories that don’t represent the behaviour of men or women

Question 2

define universality

Answer 2

any underlying characteristics of human beings that is capable of being applied to all, despite differences of experience or upbringing

Question 3

what type of bias threatens findings of psychology?

Answer 3

gender and cultural bias

Question 4

what does universality allow?

Answer 4

that conclusions can be drawn from research

Question 5

what is alpha bias?

Answer 5

psychological theories that suggest real and enduring differences between men and women

Question 6

what does alpha bias do?

Answer 6

enhance or undermine members of either sex, usually women

Question 7

give and example of alpha bias

Answer 7

biological roles of men and women, e.g. men spread the seed and women stay loyal

Question 8

define beta bias

Answer 8

ignore/minimise differences between sexes e.g. no female ppts, but findings generalised to them

Question 9

give an example of beta bias

Answer 9

fight or flight based on the response of male animals to threat

Question 10

define androcentrism

Answer 10

male-centred, normal behaviour judged according to male standard
female behaviour misunderstood, pathologized as psychological instability

Question 11

give an example of androcentrism

Answer 11

Brescoll and Uhlman - PMS is social construct, medicalises human emotion

Question 12

who studied PMS and how it medicalises human emotion?

Answer 12

Brescoll and Uhlman

Question 13

four evaluation points for gender bias

Answer 13

+ reflexivity [ dambrin and lambert ]
+ institutional sexism [ denmark et al ]
- misleading assumptions abt female behaviour
- essentialism [ walkerdine ]

Question 14

one strength of gender bias is that…

Answer 14

researchers are starting to recognise the effect of their own values and assumptions on their work

Question 15

what do researchers see bias as?

Answer 15

a crucial and critical aspect of research process

Question 16

who studied reflexivity?

Answer 16

Dambrin and Lambert

Question 17

what did Dambrin and Lambert do?

Answer 17

studied lack of women in exec positions, and included reflection of how gender-related exp influenced their reading of events

Question 18

reflexivity is an…

Answer 18

important development in psych, leads to greater awareness of role of personal biases increasing internal validity of gender bias

Question 19

one weakness of gender bias is that it creates…

Answer 19

misleading assumptions

Question 20

what does gender bias create misleading assumptions about?

Answer 20

misleading assumptions about female behaviour and fails to challenge negative stereotypes

Question 21

gender bias creates misleading assumptions by providing…

Answer 21

scientific justification to deny women opportunity

Question 22

how are women denied opportunity due to gender bias?

Answer 22

in workplace and in wider society, men set the boundaries of normality

Question 23

gender bias in research is not just a methodological problem but has…

Answer 23

damaging consequences which affect the lives and prospects of real women e.g. 2x +likely to have depression

Question 24

the _______ _______ is decreased as it has implication for the real world

Answer 24

external validity

Question 25

another strength of gender bias is that there is ___________ ______ in theory and research

Answer 25

instituional sexism

Question 26

gender based research about women is carried out by…

Answer 26

male researchers, which is not a true reflection of female concerns due to lack of women appointed in senior research level

Question 27

male researchers are…

Answer 27

more likely to have work published and studies that find evidence of gender differences more likely to appear in articles

Question 28

give an example of how male researchers dominate over female ppts

Answer 28

lab experiment is seen as scientific foundation of psychology disadvantages women as they are inequitable to male researchers, women are labelled as unreasonable

Question 29

who found that psychology supports form of institutional sexism creating bias is theory and research?

Answer 29

Denmark et al

Question 30

Denmark et al found that…

Answer 30

psych is guilty of supporting form of institutional sexism creating bias in theory and research

Question 31

the _______ _______ of _____ ____ is ____________ due to institutional sexism

Answer 31

internal validity of alpha bias is increased

Question 32

another weakness of gender bias is that gender differences are reported based on an ___________ perspective

Answer 32

essentialist

Question 33

what is an essentialist perspective?

Answer 33

that the gender difference in question is inevitable (essential) and is fixed in nature

Question 34

what evidence is there to support essentialism?

Answer 34

Walkerdine in 90’s reported how 30’s ‘scientific research’ revealed how intellectual activity e.g attending university shrivels a woman’s ovaries and harms her chances of giving birth

Question 35

these accounts about women in psychology are _________ motivated arguments and seen as _________ ______

Answer 35

politically motivated arguments and seen as biological facts

Question 36

the _______ ________ of gender bias is decrease by the essentialist perspective

Answer 36

internal validity