CULTURE BIAS

Question 1

5 things need to remember for cultural bias

Answer 1

emic constructs 
etic constructs 
ethnocentrism 
culture
cultural relativism

Question 2

culture bias is the tendency to….

Answer 2

ignore cultural differences

interpret phenomenon through the lens of someone’s own culture

Question 3

what findings in psychology are usually seen as ‘universal’?

Answer 3

western findings

Question 4

what is culture?

Answer 4

all ways of life including arts, beliefs, institutions of the population passed down from generations

Question 5

culture is usually described as…

Answer 5

‘the way of life for entire society’

e.g. dress, language, religion

Question 6

what 2 type of constructs are there?

Answer 6

emic and etic constructs

Question 7

emic constructs are..

Answer 7

functions within/inside culture

identifies behaviour specific to that culture

Question 8

etic constructs are…

Answer 8

behaviour outside of the given culture

attempts to describe behaviours that are ‘universal’

Question 9

ethnocentrism is when you judge…

Answer 9

other cultures by standards and values of own cultures

Question 10

ethnocentrism at it’s extreme is…

Answer 10

believing the superiority of your own culture

Question 11

what is an example of ethnocentrism?

Answer 11

Ainsworth’s strange situation

Question 12

how is Ainsworth’s strange situation an example of ethnocentrism?

Answer 12

distress misinterpreted for insecure attachment

German mothers encourage independence, seen as being cold and rejecting

Question 13

cultural relativism…

Answer 13

refers to N+V, ethics and moral standing

only meaningful and understood through specific social and cultural contexts

Question 14

four evaluation points for culture bias

Answer 14

+ western culture assumes knowledge to scientific enquiry

• assumed no universal human behaviour
• no distinctions between types of cultures
• differences of experience of variables

Question 15

one strength of cultural bias is…

Answer 15

conducting research in western culture, ppts familiarity w/ aims and objectives of scientific enquiry is assumed

Question 16

the ____ ________ and ______ in science doesn’t extend to all cultures that don’t have…

Answer 16

same knowledge and faith in science

cultures that don’t have the same history, experience or research

Question 17

_____ and ______ found what is exaggerated w/ members of local pop

Answer 17

Bond and Smith found demand characteristics is exaggerated when working with members of local population

Question 18

therefore evidence of _______ ________ with scientific research in western cultures suggests…

Answer 18

ppts familiarity with scientific research suggests that there is cultural bias in psych research increasing it’s credibility and practical application

Question 19

critics argue that in the age of _____ _______, the distinction between ________ no longer applies

Answer 19

age of global communication, the distinction of culture no longer applies

Question 20

who conducted research into individualist and collectivist cultures?

Answer 20

Takano and Osaka

Question 21

what did Takano and Osaka find?

Answer 21

14/15 studies comparing USA and Japan, found no evid of traditional distinction between the two diff types of culture

Question 22

Evidence by Takano and Osaka suggests…

Answer 22

cultural bias in research is less of an issue than what it was

Question 23

Takano and Osaka’s research ________ the _______ _______ of culture bias

Answer 23

decreases the temporal validity of culture bias, as it is not relevant to today’s society

Question 24

another weakness of culture bias is that it assumes…

Answer 24

there is not such thing as universal human behaviour, despite Berry’s imposed etic being useful for culture specific research

Question 25

who conducted research to show there are universal human behaviours?

Answer 25

Elkman

Question 26

what did Elkman find?

Answer 26

suggests basic facial expressions for emotions e.g. happy or disgust are the same over the human and animal world

Question 27

another example of universal human behaviours is…

Answer 27

from attachment e.g. imitation and interactional synchrony is universal

Question 28

therefore, a full understanding of human behaviour requires the study of _______ and _______ among individuals and groups, therefore ecological validity of cultural bias is ________

Answer 28

study of both universal and variation in behaviour

validity is decreased

Question 29

a final weakness of culture bias is that there a differences with…

Answer 29

conducting research

Question 30

why are there differences when conducting research in different cultures?

Answer 30

variables may not be experienced the same way by all ppts

Question 31

what is an example of variables being experienced differently in research?

Answer 31

behavioural exp of emotions e.g aggression leads to different behaviours in indigenous pop than in the west

Question 32

in china, _______ of ________ ____ is seen as normal, but in west it seems threatening or confrontational

Answer 32

invasion of personal space

Question 33

issues like differences in experience affects the __________ between researchers and ppts, in cross-cultural studies

Answer 33

interaction

Question 34

since there are differences with interp of behaviour in diff cultures, the ________ and __________ _________
can be questioned as well as the _______ of research

Answer 34

ecological and population validity as well as the credibility of research