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Philosophy > Gender And Theology > Flashcards

Gender And Theology Flashcards

1
Q

MARY DALY MAIN QUOTE

A

‘If God is male then male is God. The divine patriarch castrates women as long as he is allowed to live on in the human imagination’

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2
Q

MARY DALY VS GOD

3 HEADED MONSTER

A
  • Men thought history sought to oppress women
  • Religion/Christianity used as tool to enforce this oppression with one patriarch divine who combines sexism, racism and classism to create three headed monster
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3
Q

MARY DALY VS GOD

BEYOND RELIGION

A
  • Women need to get beyond religion
  • The biblical and popular image of God (patriarch) as Heavenly Father who rewards or punishes has spawned the oppression of women
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4
Q

MARY DALY

EARLY THEOLOGIANS ON WOMEN

TERTILLIAN

A

Saw women as ‘devil’s gateway’ - responsible for fall and reason why Jesus had to die for everyone

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5
Q

MARY DALY

EARLY THEOLOGIANS ON WOMEN

AUGUSTINE

A

Suggests women were not made in the image of God

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6
Q

MARY DALY

EAELY THEOLOGIANS ON WOMEN

AQUINAS

A

Saw women as ill-conceived males

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7
Q

MARY DALY

EARLY THEOLOGIANS ON WOMEN

MARTIN LUTHER

A

Suggests Adam was Lord of all and Eve spoiled this

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8
Q

MARY DALY

GOD SHOULD BE CASTRATED
LANGUAGE

A

-Need to remove the old and andocentric (male centred) language - remove God as ‘father’ and maleness of God

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9
Q

MARY DALY

MODERN DAY THEOLOGIANS

BONHOEFFER

A

Is accused of insisting that women are subject to their husbands

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10
Q

MARY DALY

MODERN DAY THEOLOGIANS

BARTH

A

Accused of claiming women are subordinate to men

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11
Q

MARY DALY

MODERN DAY THEOLOGIANS

POPE PIUS XII

A

Accused of linking women to role of mother nor formalistic or materialistic equality with men

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12
Q

MARY DALY

MODERN DAY THEOLOGIANS

JOSEPH FLETCHER

A

Accused of making a male made theory focusing on individualism rather than liberation of women

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13
Q

MARY DALY

GOD SHOULD BE CASTRATED

CONCLUSION ON ENTIRE SYSTEM

A

Entire system of ethics and theology is product of males preserving a sexist patriarchal society that explicitly oppressed women

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14
Q

MARY DALY

UNHOLY TRINITY: RAPE
‘RAPISM’

A
  • ‘Rapism’ - culture of rape, symbol of all violent oppression of society
  • Nuclear arms, man made poverty
  • Leaders of society use religion, politics, etc. To erase female power and oppress them in a state of ‘grateful dead’
  • Not just theoretical rape but also acrid of physical violence against women, e.g. Genital mutilation
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15
Q

MARY DALY

UNHOLY TRINITY: WAR
Corrupt

A
  • Connection between mentality of rape and phenomenon of war
  • War inheritable result of male-dominated politics
  • Language corrupt when eat is just but abortion isn’t
  • war is defended by ‘phallic morality’ (penis driven morals)
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16
Q

MARY DALY

UNHOLY TRINITY: WAR

BIBLE EXAMPLE

A

‘Now kill all the boys and kill every woman who has slept with a man, but save for yourselves every woman who has not slept with a man’

Numbers

17
Q

MARY DALY

UNHOLY TRINITY: GENOCIDE

QUOTE

A

‘Patriarchally possessed women.. lulled into the sleeping death (from God) such women have forgotten the gross inequality that Daly called genocide’

18
Q

MARY DALY

UNHOLY TRINITY: GENOCIDE
No longer individual

A
  • Deep link between rape and genocide
  • Raped person no longer individual but instead part of group of ‘raped people’
  • Not just action of individual but of male against female
  • Genocide happens because of need of men for violence killing individualism
19
Q

MARY DALY

RAPE AND BIBLE

JUDGES - scoundrel

A
  • Scoundrels arrive at house demanding to abuse guest, host offers Virginias daughter and concubine
  • Leave daughter but rape concubine to death
20
Q

MARY DALY

SPIRITUALITY EXPERIENCED THROUGH NATURE

A
  • Maleness of God needs to be overturned so no more priests and traditional holy places
  • Instead we should go on ‘quintessence’ - highest essence of being which lives,loves,creates
  • Spirit that permeates all nature, giving life and vitality to whole universe
21
Q

MARY DALY

SPIRITUALITY CONCLUSION

A
  • Should be turning away from maleness of God and towards spirit of quintessence found through nature
  • In 1970s there was renewed interest in pagan spirituality which is reflected in Daly’s work
22
Q

MARY DALY

LIBERATION OF WOMEN

A
  • Women need a o seek moral lib. From this hypocrisy
  • By becoming radically deviant in face of patriarchal expectation
  • Includes rejecting all moral standards created by men
  • Inequalities are bound up in these morals
23
Q

MARY DALY

LIBERATION OF WOMEN

QUOTE

A

‘To be female is to be deviant by definition in the prevailing culture’

24
Q

MARY DALY

CONCLUSION ON JESUS

A
  • Jesus is symbolic legitimation of rape of all women
  • Underlying culture impregnated within Christianity
  • So fundamental that leaving this culture means leaving Christianity
25
Q

CHALLENGE TO DALY

SIMON CHAN
Embodied in trinity

A

-Not as simple as saying ‘God is male’
Christian idea of fatherhood, as embodied in Trinity, is unique
-Daly apparently glosses over focus that God is Heavenly Father and creator of all which means universal fatherhood
-Male language doesn’t create masculine qualities
-E.g Isiah: God as husband with ‘deep compassion’

26
Q

CHALLENGES TO DALY

FIORENZA
Help sexism?

A
  • Alternative reading to Biblical texts and the sexism present in them
  • Bible supports women’s struggles against patriarch
27
Q

RUETHER

INTRODUCTION

A
  • God is not a ‘being’ removed from creation, ruling it from outside in manner of patriarchal leader
  • God is source of being that underlies creation and grounds its nature and future potential for continual transformative renewal
28
Q

RUETHER

MALENESS OF CHRIST

A
  • Argues Christianity has become distorted by patriarchal tradition and is in need of reform
  • Catholic church’s teachings on women’s ordination and abortion have been influenced by patriarchy
  • Patriarchy had Shane Christian thought about God which needs to be challenged
29
Q

RUETHER

GOD AS FEMALE WISDOM PRINCIPLE

A
  • Although male symbol of messiah in Christianity, not a Davidic Messiah but a self-sacrificing redeeming messiah who is linked to female notion of wisdom
  • To call him male displaces the female concept of God
30
Q

RUETHER

‘SOPHIA’

A
  • ‘Sophia’ - Greek for wisdom, personified in ancient world as female form - goddess
  • Early Christians continue to refer to ‘Sophia’ as divine wisdom
  • in scripture, divine wisdom referred to in female terms
  • God associated with wisdom
31
Q

RUETHER

DIVINE WIDOM

HOWEVER…

A
  • Christianity has merged notion of divine wisdom to notion of messianic king
  • In process idea of female wisdom has become obscured behind a patriarchal veil of the male Messiah - Jesus
32
Q

RUETHER

JESUS AS THE INCARNATION OF WISDOM

A
  • Divine wisdom closely linked to Jesus and female terms
  • Messiah therefore isn’t simply a male version of God but the incarnation of wisdom - female
  • Goes as far as to refer to God as ‘Gaia’ Ancient Greek Goddess of the earth
  • Balancing male and female in our nature of God ‘imago dei’
33
Q

RUETHER

DAVIDIC MESSIAH

A
  • Hebrew scripture
  • Future king in new kingdom
  • Son of David
  • Restorer of Israel and autonomous power
  • Conquering warrior
  • Due to relationship with God his favour will shine, chosen by God and representative of people
34
Q

RUETHER

SEXISM AND GOD TALK QUOTE

A

‘The Messiah can only be imagined as a male’

35
Q

RUETHER

JESUS

A
  • Jesus not traditional warrior as expected
  • ‘He is expected to win not suffer and die’
  • Attended to the poor, critical of Jewish authorities, warned disciples of lord in over others
  • ‘By becoming a servant of God, one of frees from bondage of human masters’
36
Q

RUETHER CHALLENGES

SIMON CHAN
Rewriting history

A
  • You can’t rewrite history to give more prominence to women because story shapes Christian identity
  • ‘almighty father’ ingrained in Eucharistic prayer
  • Feminine images are used to describe God ‘protecting,comforting’
37
Q

RUETHER CHALLENGES

PATRIARCH TO WOMEN

A

-Unique to Christianity as most ancient religions had goddess at centre
-Many of these were also patriarchal
-Using female language does not make it less patriarchal
‘Devotion to the goddess Kali in Hinduism has never resulted in better treatment of women’ (Why call God father?)

38
Q

DALY VS RUETHER

PATRIARCH

A
  • Daly: Christianity irrevocably patriarchal and misogynistic, must be abandoned
  • Ruether: Christianity not intrinsically patriarchal and can be ‘saved’ from patriarchy
39
Q

DALY VS RUETHER

EXAMPLES OF PATRIARCHY

A

Daly: Some churches prohibit women to enter altar, exclusively male priesthood, male authority within church, male messiah

Ruether: Divine wisdom female, Jesus spent time with women, women amongst his followers, first to see him rise from dead, CofE ordain women

Philosophy (6 decks)

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