Gender And Sexual Identites Flashcards
Traditional-Parsons
Females have an expressive role in the family which is natural and based on their child bearing role but is reinforced by socialisation. Makes have an instrumental which is that if a breadwinner and protector which is based on their physical strength . Roles are functional for family and society
Traditional-Oakley
Gender role socialisation takes place in the following ways: manipulation (encouraging/discouraging behaviour), canalisation (directing interests into toys), verbal appellations (stereotypical feminine and masculine descriptions), domestic activities
traditional- McRobbie
Found girls participated in a culture of femininity where they had a best friend to attract a man, involved in fashion and makeup and idolises male pop stars. Also found they had a bedroom culture where they retreated away from being harassed by boys
Traditional-Billington
Media presents masculinity as dominant and feminine as subordinate
Traditional-Nakuamura
Although women were stereotyped in the media, digital communications are used by women as a forum for support as they face discrimination and inequality e.g. me too, Laura bates everyday sexism project
Traditional-Ferguson
Content analysis of women’s magazines and found they were based around a cult of femininity which promotes idea that excellence is achieved through caring, family, marriage and appearance e.g. ads for beauty products, articles about family, relationship advice
Traditional-Mistos and Browne
Teachers tend to be less strict with boys, allowing them to underachieve by failing to push them, also more likely to label boys as disruptive and more likely to have a culture of masculinity which didn’t value achievement/anti learning culture (why boys have lower gcses)
Traditional-Skelton
The hidden curriculum perpetuates gender differences as teachers may subconsciously persuade by using different language different genders into different subjects e.g. girls and sociology
Traditional-Kelly
Science is seen as a masculine subject/boys subject as textbooks have pictures of boys interests like football and cars and teachers allow boys to dominate the classroom by shouting out and grab equipment
Traditional- Colley
School subject choices are affected by three things, perception of gender roles (the amount they have been socialised into a masc or fem identity), subject preferences (perception of tasks required e.g. put off it as independent but like sociology as more discussion) and their learning environment (whether school is single pr mixed sex)
Traditional-Adkins
Found the labour market had vertical segregation (husband employed as manager and wife would help run it in pubs and hotels) -couples paid 25% more than single man but wife not paid own salary so gain cheap labour and horizontal segregation where men and women are expected to do different kinds of jobs like at theme parks ‘fun land’ the rides are operated by men and catering is done by women. Women also subject to sexual harassment
Changing-Connell
There are different form of masculinity such as hegemonic, complicit (man who doesn’t challenge hegemonic masculinity), subordinate (opposite of hegemonic) e.g. too emotional and marginalised (don’t have characteristics needed for hegemonic) e.g. no job
Changing-Sewell
Hyper masculinity of black Afro Caribbean males who adopt exaggerated masculinity as they idolise rappers who value violence
Changing-Mort
the portrayal of men and masculinity in the media through the rise of men’s fashion magazines,and consumption of toiletries e.g aftershave, hair gel. Also an increase in designer label clothing for men which all sells more products
changin-Nixon
New man traced back to Launderette advert where male models strips down and puts his Levi’s into the wash, this showed that is was cool for men to care about personal appearance and the male body is sexualised to sell products
Changing-Jackson
ladettes in the policing ladettes study. Ladettes categorised as being loud, fighting, drinking, being rude and open about sex. Portrayed critically in tabloids and blamed for crime, drug problems and neglect.
Sexuality -Weeks
stating that your are gay means more than saying you are heterosexual, this is because it is a bigger deining part of yure identity and are more likely to act in a different way or join a subculture
Plummer sexuality
The homosexual career- a male who has accepted the label of homosexual will seek out others and join a subculture where stereotypical gay characteristics become the norm (demonstrates how peers can support the acceptance of a gay identity)
McCormack- sexuality
reasons for homophobia in the 1980s were the aids crisis and section 28 (banned promotion of homosexuality in schools). In sixth forms now, straight males support gay rights with “passion and intensity” and believe in “equality for gays.” This experience is mostly the same except for religious schools and people from ethnic minorities. Role models, peer groups and social media are the most influential to sexual identity
Sexuality-Mac an Ghail
young men try to suppress being gay and so try to be exaggeratedly masculine by the 3 Fs football, fighting and fucking, they also tried to not show emotion apar from anger
Mcintosh sexuality
western cultures have characteristics for homosexuals such as effeminate mannerisms and a higher voice as well as attention to appearance. Once am a has accepted the label of gay they fulfill these expectations so the label creates the behaviour example is married men who are attracted to males but don’t have any mannerisms
Rich sexuality
Women’s sexuality is oppressed in a patriarchal society through marriage and sexual violence, rape and objectification of women. Describes compulsory heterosexuality to say how women are socialised into a subordinate role and lesbian identities have been written out as it is a threat to male dominance
Sexual
Weeks, Plummer, Macintosh, McCormack, rich, Mac an ghail
Traditional
Parsons, Oakley, mcrobbie, billington, nakuaruma, Ferguson, mistos and Browne, Kelly, Colley, Adkins, Skelton
Changing
Connell, Nixon, mort, Jackson, Sewell
