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anthrop 1aa3 > Gender and Sex > Flashcards

Gender and Sex Flashcards

1
Q

sex

A

a bodily classification configuration of internal and external reproductive anatomy

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2
Q

biological sex, what are the traits? what is it referred as?

A

Refers to the physical presentation of primary
and secondary traits
primary: reproductive tract
secondary: physical differences not directly related to the production (body hair, body size and composition etc.)
-referred as morphological sex

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3
Q

Is Sex a “Natural” Binary? OR Is that a Culturally

informed Idea?

A
  • Sex is biocultural
    • biology determines: chromosomes, hormones, anatomy, morphology, reproductive capability
    • Culture determines: how many “types” to recognize and how to understand them
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4
Q

Anne Fausto-Sterling

A

“the Five Sexes”

  • observes: western culture has a two-sex system
  • argues: sex is an infinitely variable continuum
  • clinicians should recognize at least 5 sexes (male, merm, herm, ferm, female)
  • argues that medicalization and surgical interventions reinforces social stigma
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5
Q

Michel Foucault

A

Biopower: having power over bodies to make them conform using different, even “unruly” techniques

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6
Q

acts of biopower

A
  • HRT in menopause
  • Weight management
  • Medication to correct psychological/ emotional difference
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7
Q

How do we get sex?

A
  • Primary and secondary sex traits differentiate through a developmental pathway that (normally) begins in utero and ends after puberty
  • Male-type and female-type reproductive tracts develop from the same embryological tissues
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8
Q

sexual differentiation involves:

A
  • Chromosomes (X, Y)
    • Regulatory genes (on X, Y, and autosomes)
    • Hormones (espandrogens and estrogens)
    • Enzymes
    • Timing!
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9
Q

attributes associated with sex

A

• Sexual dimorphism
○ Difference in height, bone density and structure
• Secondary sex characteristics
○ Things that are not related to reproduction, and this can be hair or voice
• Morphology related to childbearing
○ Male and female body parts

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10
Q

Turners Syndrome

A 
• Affects 1-2500
	• Females lack an X chromosomes
	• Prevents ovaries from developing properly
	• Heart problems
	• Shorter stature
	• Moles on body
More facial hair growth
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11
Q

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

A
  • Affects 1-500
    • Males that contain an extra X chromosome in their genome
    • XXY instead of XY
    • Reduction of testosterone and produce breasts and little to no sperm
    • Can’t reproduce
    • Less facial hair growth
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12
Q

intersex/ hermaphroditism

A

the presence of both male and female body parts because they have both male and female reproductive organs.
• 46, XX intersex
• 46, XY intersex

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13
Q

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A
  • XX, 46, with variously ambiguous genitals (ex. Large clitoris, vaginal opening small or absent)
    • Adrenal glands produce androgens (male sex hormones)
    • CAH body does not produce an enzyme that converts androgens into other forms-leading to altered reproductive tract development
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14
Q

androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

• XY, 46, sometimes with male and female structures
• Body doesn’t respond to androgens, or doesn’t produce enough
• Variable manifestations (may be partial or complete)
Complete form results in female anatomy indistinguishable from XX female

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15
Q

gender

A

folk taxonomy defined by interrelated social role(s) and performed behaviours, customarily associated with bodies based on their primary and secondary sex traits (breasts, body hair, etc.)

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16
Q

Is a culturally constructed forms of identity that consists of the roles people are expected to play because of their sex.

A

gender

17
Q

Judith Butler

A

argues that gender can be conscious and unconscious, we make gender through actions/gender markers

18
Q

gender markers

A

Makeup, hair etc
“Wedding”- conscious performance of gender
“Boy babies and girl babies

19
Q

Intersexions Documentary

A

Explores experiences of intersex people (with DSD affecting genital structure)
Notice: development plays a role; diversity….sexual identities; gender identities, sexual orientations

20
Q

3 main points concerning gender

A
  1. Most human societies recognize gender
  2. Most gender systems relate to sex
  3. Gender roles and relations vary widely and are known to evolve over time
21
Q

folk taxonomy vs scientific taxonomy

A

folk: a classification system of objects and phenomena, based on cultural criteria that reflect social meaning and use
scientific: classification on systematic patterns of empirical and intrinsic characteristics
- morphological traits, tooth shape, diet

22
Q

gender is______

A

culturally situated

23
Q

Margaret Mead

A

studied sexual differences in culture in Papua New Guinea

  • was the first to show that gender is culturally constructed
  • sex differences are learned not inherited
24
Q

Franz Boas

A

fought against racial stereotyping

25
Q

Margaret Mead findings among tribes in Papua New Guinea

A

Arapesh: no division in labour, men and women alike
Mundugumor: men and women alike (both aggressive)
-strong division in labour/constant arguing
Tchambuli: very strong division in labour, men and women different (women did most of the work)
-polygyny: men have multiple wives

26
Q

sexuality

A

cultural rules and expectations for sexual activity

-different cultures have different sexual practices

27
Q

third gender

A

an anthropological catch-all term for distinct non-cisgender roles

28
Q

sworn virgins/burneshat

A

in Albania, females chose to live as men to work and support themselves

  • requires an oath of celibacy
  • wealth=land
29
Q

hijras

A
  • india, pakistan, bangledash etc.
  • biologically male/intersex but dress as females
  • classify as third gender
  • casted and looked down upon
  • marginalized
30
Q

gender equality

A

behaviours, attitudes, and rights that support the autonomy of both male and female

31
Q

primatological perspectives

A

social hierarchies: chimps accepted male dominance, females may be politically powerful
-bonobos, females form strong bonds, open female leadership

hunting: chimps; males hunt and share meat to reinforce coalition and position, females hunt and teach offspring
- bonobos; also hunt and share meat

32
Q

biological determinism

A

the attribution of a phenomenon to a biological cause

  • belief that behaviour is controlled by genes or some component of their psychology
    example: women are better listeners because they are evolved in the nurture
  • burnouts of bows; implies binary conditions
33
Q

essentialism

A

the attitude that a given phenomenon is intrinsic, natural, and unchangeable independent of contextual factors
-men cant give birth, women cant fish

34
Q

cultural determinism

A

the belief that our emotional and cultural behaviours are shaped by our history, culture and environment

35
Q

nature vs nurture

A

culture is important, varibale, unfixed
biology is important, variable and unfixed
-both influence one another
-people are biocultural

36
Q

Johann Blumenbach

A

father of physical anthropology

-identified 5 different races

anthrop 1aa3 (5 decks)

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