Gender and Crime Flashcards
What is the percentage of male arrests compared to female arrests according to the Ministry of Justice (2014)?
Male % > Female %: 85:15
In court proceedings, what is the percentage distribution of male and female involvement?
Male %: 75, Female %: 25
What is the percentage of males in the prison population according to the Ministry of Justice (2014)?
95% male, 5% female
Why are official statistics considered unreliable in the context of crime?
Those convicted are not representative of all those committing offences
According to Newburn (2013), how do self-report studies contrast with official statistics regarding male offenders?
Males are more likely to admit to offences and commit several offences
What does the CSEW (2013) indicate about women’s victimization compared to men?
Women are 2x likely to report being victims, 7x more likely for sexual abuse
What is the Chivalry Thesis?
Women treated more leniently by CJS, police to judges inclined to punish them less severely
According to Haralambos & Holborn (2013), how are women treated differently in terms of cautions and prosecutions?
Women are more likely to be given cautions, not prosecuted, and receive shorter sentences
What does Hood (1992) state about women and custodial sentences?
Women are 1/3 less likely to be given custodial sentences even with seriousness
What did Steward (2006) find about magistrates’ decisions regarding women?
Decisions explained with seriousness of case; women held on remand despite minor crimes
What trend has Hedderman (2010) observed regarding women’s imprisonment rates?
Rates of imprisonment for women are rising
What does Walklate (2004) suggest about rape trials and women’s complaints?
Women’s complaints aren’t taken seriously; alleged rapists not often found guilty
What does Heidensohn (1985) argue about the CJS and gender?
CJS is gendered; experienced differently by males and females
What does Dalton (1964) suggest about biological factors and female criminality?
Hormonal/menstrual factors can influence a minority of women to commit crime
According to Newburn (2013), what is the link between women’s criminality and hormone cycles?
No evidence to suggest criminality is linked to hormone cycles
What role does Parsons (1937) attribute to females in limiting their ability to commit crime?
Child-rearing limits ability to commit crime; girls have roles to care & support
According to Hiedensohn (1985), why are females less likely to commit crime?
More social control at home, in public, and at work due to patriarchal control
What did Carlen (1988) find in her study of women regarding conformity?
W/C women had little reasons to conform; others conform due to ‘class & gender deals’
What is normative masculinity as defined by Messerschmit (1995)?
Social definition of what a ‘real man’ is; achieved, not natural
According to Winlow (2001), what are the aims of male criminals?
To achieve success
What does Katz (1988) emphasize about male criminal behavior?
Importance of gaining pleasure and thrill
