Ethnicity and Crime Flashcards
What percentage of the population do Black individuals represent compared to their percentage in the prison population?
Black = 2.8% of population, 11% of prison population
This indicates a significant over-representation of Black individuals in the criminal justice system.
What percentage of the population do Asians represent compared to their percentage in the prison population?
Asians = 4.7% of population, 6% of prison population
This suggests a lesser extent of over-representation compared to Black individuals.
What is the representation of White individuals in the criminal justice system?
White = under-represented at all stages of CJS
This indicates a disparity in representation compared to minority ethnic groups.
According to Graham & Bowling (1995), what are the offending rates for Blacks and Whites?
Blacks (43%) & Whites (44%) = similar rates of offending
This challenges the notion of significant differences in offending between these groups.
What are the offending rates for Indians, Pakistanis, and Bangladeshis according to Graham & Bowling (1995)?
Indians (30%), Pakistanis (28%), Bangladeshis (13%) = much lower rates
This highlights the variation in offending rates among different ethnic groups.
What does the British Crime Survey (2007) suggest about the nature of crime among ethnic groups?
90% of crimes where the victim was White, at least one of the offenders was also White
This indicates a high level of intra-ethnic crime.
What suggestion do Bowling & Philips (2002) make regarding White victims identifying offenders?
White victims ‘over-identify’ offenders as Black
This suggests potential bias in victim reporting.
According to Newburn (2013), who experiences a greater fear of crime?
Minority ethnic groups experience greater fear of crime than Whites
This highlights differences in perceptions of safety among ethnic groups.
What were the findings of the Macpherson Enquiry (1999) regarding the death of Stephen Lawrence?
Death marred by professional incompetence, institutional racism, & failure of leadership
This emphasizes systemic issues within the police force.
What percentage of police officers are from ethnic minorities according to Rollock (2009)?
4% of police = ethnic minority
This indicates a lack of diversity within the police force.
What does Reiner (1992) describe as the culture within the police force?
Police = ‘canteen culture’ marked by cynicism, conservatism, suspicion, isolation, & racism
This reflects the internal attitudes that may affect policing practices.
According to Phillip & Bowling (2012), who is more likely to be stopped and searched?
Black & Asian individuals are more likely than White to be stopped & searched
This suggests a bias in policing practices.
What behavior is observed among minority ethnic groups after arrest according to Phillip & Bowling (2007)?
More likely to remain silent, seek legal advice & deny offence
This may indicate a lack of trust in the legal system.
What does the Ministry of Justice report about sentencing for Black individuals?
Blacks receive longer sentences for burglary
This suggests disparities in sentencing practices.
What is the Left Realist Approach by Lea & Young (1984) regarding crime rates?
British society is racist & minority ethnic groups are disadvantaged
This perspective reflects structural inequalities influencing crime.
What does Gilroy (1983) argue about the differences in criminality between ethnic groups?
Differences are due to police stereotyping & racist labeling
This challenges the notion of inherent differences in criminality.
What concept did Neo-Marxist Hall et al (1978) introduce regarding Black youth and crime?
State scapegoats young Black men for the crime of ‘mugging’ in 1970s
This illustrates how societal issues can be deflected onto minority groups.
