Gender and crime

Question 1

Social learning theory female

Answer 1

Girls learn early that being nice and good have social value and therefore internalize delinquent behaviour

Question 2

Differential association theory

Answer 2

• girls and boys both experience consequences negative effects, family abuse, harsh and coercive parenting, divorce
• belief girls have a stronger connection to family and more positively socialized and less inclined to become involved in crime
• more girls experience sexual abuse

Question 3

Female administrative offences?

Answer 3

• breaking curfew
• violating mandatory curfew
• not following through on bail conditions

Question 4

What was the JDA 1908 like in gender and crime

Answer 4

• paternalistic approach to juvenile delinquency
• impositions of sanctions: trauncy, violayion of curfew, running away, underage drinking
• binary notions of masculine vs feminine
• women who broke feministic values (chase, disobident etc) were brought to court and charged for salvation
• Gender bias = judicial paternalism

Question 5

What was the YOA in 1984 in gender and crime

Answer 5

• decriminalized status offences = scholars and youth professionals were hoping to discontinue gender bias
• YOA implement “failure to comply with dispostition offence”: youth on bail, serving community service who failed to abide by court conditions would be charged with a new offence and sent to custody.
• failure to comply (similar to JDA) was a large part of female crime
• Sexist approach to sentencing women = over-representation

Question 6

YCJA and gender and crime?

Answer 6

• aimed to reduce of crafting bail and probation conditions to achieve paternalistic and child welfare aims
• YCJA UNADDRESSED THE OVERUSE OF PROBATION BY USING COMMUNITY BASED PROGRAMS AND RECIEVING A WARNING
• This turned youth away from the CJS
• YCJA made it tough to charge youth to custody, and incarcerating non-violent youth

Question 7

Gender-gap theory

Answer 7

• delinquency and crime are are masucline pursuits
• male commit more crime
• increase in female delinquency is mothers and daughters leaving their homes to pursue careers (masculine) and increase delinquency.

Question 8

Trauma theory

Answer 8

• traumatic life experiences are linked to early victimization, later criminal behaviours
• shows how prolonged trauma case biopsychological implications to developing the brain= fight or flight response
• inability to cope with stressors: depression, poor self regulation, impulsivity, = crime

Question 9

Agnew strain theory (gender and crime)

Answer 9

• response to being denied access to social and conventional approved opportunities for power and material success
• delinquency in males = lack of material success and status
• lower female criminality is linked to being oppressed via family violence, sex abuse, high levels of social control including restriction to criminal activity

Question 10

Broidy and Agnew Strain theory

Female VS male processing emotions?

Answer 10

• gender differences in crime is explained by sociallized gender differences in processing negative emotions associated to strain
  Men:
• males act out of agression, anger with violence
• males are rewardedwith displayed of aggression and encourage to use coping styles , encouraging criminal behaviour
  Females:
  -females learn to act in with depression, guilt, shame and covert aggression
• females divert negative emotions by gaining support from others in their more developed social networks and coping styles, divert crime

Question 11

Life course theory

Answer 11

• examining how an individual offending pattern variers overtime at different age and role transitions
• females do not offend as frequent and long as boys
• females commit crime later and and before adulthood
• social positions: status, social class, gender influence are less available to females
• “glass ceiling” : girls and women are not afforded the opportunity to become involved with criminal associated (white collar crime, gangs)