Gender Flashcards
Rubin baby study
Parents described their babies differently depending on gender
Boys: alert, strong
Girls: soft, delicate
Seavey baby study
Unidentifiable baby
Different conditions were told different genders of the same babe
- girl: participants were more likely to play with dolls
- male: participants were more likely to play with a plastic ring
- no gender: female participants interacted more than males- almost all spontaneously decided a gender for it- justifying by perceptions in physique
Androgyny
Displaying equal balance of male and female characteristics
Ben sex role inventory
First systematic attempt to measure androgyny using a rating of 60 traits
Nanne van de poll study testosterone
When women were injected with testosterone, showed more signs of physical and sexual aggression
Oxytocin
Produced more by women particular after giving birth
Stimulates lactation so mother’s can breastfeed
Reduces stress
David Reimer case study
One twin was left without a penis after a failed operation
They were raised as female
Had trouble fitting it
Dabbs prison study
Testosterone
Offenders with higher testosterone were more likely to commit violent or sexually motivated crimes
Van goozen
Transgender study
Transgender patients undergoing hormone treatment
M->F decrease aggression and visuospatial skills
Vice versa
Tricker double blind study
43 males injection of extra testosterone or placebo
No significant differences in aggression
Kilnefelters syndrome
(X)XY
Biological males
- reduced body hair
- breast development
- softened body contours
- longer limbs
- underdeveloped genitals
- problems with coordination
- poorly developed language skills + reading ability
- passive, shy
Turner’s syndrome
X(O)
- no menstral cycle
- ovaries fail to develop
- dont develop breasts
- low set ears
- physically immature
- webbed neck
- higher than average reading ability
- lower spatial awareness and memory
- socially immature
Herlihy
Australian study turner’s syndrome
Being treated at a young age had significant benefits compared to those treated in adulthood
Kohlberg’s theory of development
List order
- gender identity
- gender stability
- gender consistency
Kohlberg’s theory of development
List order
- gender identity
- gender stability
- gender consistency
Gender identity
Age 2
Correctly identify themselves as boy or girl
Age 3- can identify others
Do not see gender as permanent
Gender stability
Age 4
-about themselves but not others
Confused if external appearance changes to not fit ‘boy’ or ‘girl’
Gender consistency
Age 6
Recognise gender is permanent and no longer fooled by outward appearance
Bussey and bandura
Children as young as four ‘feel good’ playing with gender appropriate toys and ‘feel bad’ playing with toys that don’t
Slaby and Frey
Split screen
Same action carried out by different genders
Children with high constancy spent more time watching same sex model
Freuds theory
Boys with harsh fathers and a stronger sense of gender identity
Blakemore and hill found the opposite
Golombok
Children of single parent families did not differ their views on gender identity
(Criticises Freud’s theory)
Gender schema theory
Beliefs and ideologies on gender are based in experiences
Martin and Halverson
Memory
Children under 6
More likely to remember photographs containing gender consistent behaviour
Children tended to change the sex of the person carrying out gender inconsistencies when asked to recall
Furnham and fareagher
Sex role stereotypes in advertising
Men- power roles, voice overs suggest dominance
Women- domestic settings
McGhee and frueh
People who watch more TV displayed more gender stereotypical views in behaviour and attitudes
Media evaluation
Difficult to establish cause and effect
Control groups are hard as most children are exposed to media
Williams and best
30 different nations
Adjective checklist
Across countries men were seen as more dominant and aggressive
Women nurturing
Eval-
Male or female, very distinct answers allows great division and likely exaggeration
