Gender

Question 1

What did UCAS (2013) find?

Answer 1

Women are a third more likely to enter higher education than men as they are 7% less likely to pass their GCSEs and this is continued as women gained more first class degrees

Question 2

What percentage of permanent exclusions were for boys?

Answer 2

80%

Question 3

Why does education improve life chances?

Answer 3

• The ability for social mobility
• The ability to travel
• Improved social capital
• Feminists argue that girl’s achievements in education, horizontal and vertical segregation take place as the hidden curriculum (Jackson 1968) influence an individual’s career choices and see themselves in high positions as they transmit messages about ascribed gender roles

Question 4

What did the EOC (2006) find?

Answer 4

79% of health and social workforce are women, whereas in private sectors, women are over-concentrated in clerical, administrators, retail and personal services such as secretarial whereas men are mainly found in skilled manual and upper professional sectors

Question 5

How many times are men more likely to be employed in skilled trades?

Answer 5

10 times especially as managers and senior officials

Question 6

How many women are dismissed per year in the UK after becoming pregnant?

Answer 6

30,000

Question 7

What did the office for national statistics find about the gender pay gap?

Answer 7

In 2016, it stood at 25% in the private sector and 17.1% in the public sector which the Fawcett society argues is as a result of the motherhood penalty by adopting part-time work which is poorly enforced by the state

Question 8

How are women restricted to gain senior positions?

Answer 8

• Status
• Skill
• Pay

Question 9

What did LSE (2016) find out about wealth?

Answer 9

Fewer than one in five of Britain’s top earners were women and less than one third in the top 1 per cent across European nations which their number wasn’t found to be increasing

Question 10

What did the Fawcett society find out about state benefits and tax credits?

Answer 10

Women relied on them more than men, mainly because of their caring responsibilities and their relative economic inequality and poverty consequently, cuts to state benefits disproportionately affect women’s income

Question 11

What did ONS find in 2014?

Answer 11

A man’s total pension wealth was nearly twice as high as women’s in 2010/12 - £63,000 compared with £34,500

Question 12

What percentage of world’s wealth did women as 49.6% of the world’s population?

Answer 12

1%

Question 13

What did employment tribunals in 2010/11 find?

Answer 13

Only 37% of claims against employers for sexual discrimination were successful

Question 14

What are the differences in retirement poverty?

Answer 14

1/4 of women in poverty when they retire compared to 1/10 of men and overall, make up 70% of the world’s poor

Question 15

What did Chant find?

Answer 15

Women are more likely to be poor because they experience time poverty whilst men spend their 20s and 30s building up their career. Women spend their time raising children. When they re-enter the workplace, they begin their career at the bottom of the pay scale

Question 16

What did the Trussell trust find in 2014?

Answer 16

Women often experience hunger to feed their families

Question 17

What did Savage find?

Answer 17

Men are more likely to climb the career ladder than women resulting in their restriction in low-paying jobs as they have to deal with physical restrictions

Question 18

What was the life expectancy for males and females in 2020?

Answer 18

For men, it was 78.8 years and 82.8 years for females in England as 2/3rds of deaths are before the retirement age of 65 are males because they are more likely to take manual jobs with risks such as accidents, chemicals and dust

Question 19

What are suicide rates amongst men and women?

Answer 19

Per 100,000 people, 5.7 deaths for women are due to suicide and 17.4 deaths for men however since 1981, this has fallen by 97% (links to the crisis of masculinity)

Question 20

What did Marxist Engels (1884) find?

Answer 20

Women are a source of cheap and exploitable labour

Question 21

How did Marxist Walby (1986) criticise Benston?

Answer 21

She argues that women staying at home harms capitalism, because if women competed with men for jobs, this might lower wages and increase profits. Women who earn would have superior spending power, which would also benefit capitalism

Question 22

What did Marxist Benston (1969) believe?

Answer 22

Unpaid domestic labour of women supports capitalism as it produces the workforce and allows capitalists to pay lower wages as patriarchal ideas are used to divide and rule the working class

Question 23

What did Marxist Beechey (1977) see?

Answer 23

Women as part of the reserve army of labour who are only hired by capitalist enterprises in times of rapid economic expansion but fired when recession hits. However, this fails to explain the gendered stereotyping of jobs and why women take domestic responsibilities

Question 24

What did Marxists Dalla Costa and James (1972) argued?

Answer 24

Unpaid caring and housework should be recognised and paid because domestic labour holds value

Question 25

What is the 1st wave of feminism?

Answer 25

It emerged at the turn of the century with associations with the suffragette movement with the right to vote which led to fights to gain their own property, to go to university and enter skilled professions

Question 26

What is the second wave of feminism?

Answer 26

It emerged in the 1960s and 70s exploring the idea that the personal is political drawing attention to power inequalities in marriage

Question 27

What is the third wave of feminism?

Answer 27

It focused on identity politics and how gender intersects with other identities therefore their experiences are diverse

Question 28

What did feminist Oakley (1981) argue?

Answer 28

The main reason for the subordination of women in the labour market is the dominance of the mother-housewife role as ideological ideas serve to primarily ensure male dominance in labour markets as women are restricted to raise children in the home

Question 29

What did feminist Freidan (1963) find?

Answer 29

American housewives have a sense of dissatisfaction because they feel socially pressured to live up to the feminine mystique through the idealised image of housewives created the 1950s through media, education and consumer culture

Question 30

What did feminist Wilkinson (1999)?

Answer 30

A genderquake has taken place as women no longer prioritise marriage and motherhood like their mother and grandmother as they aspire to go to university, a high-flying carer and economic independence

Question 31

What did feminist Firestone (1970)?

Answer 31

There is a sexual class system arising from biological differences where women become dependent on males. This encourages males to develop a power psychology where men enjoy their power over women as wish to expand it. The only way to free women is through losing the need for childbirth and nuclear family relationships

Question 32

What did feminist Loden (1978) believe?

Answer 32

She spoke of the class ceiling concept referring to the invisible barriers shaped by patriarchal ideology in the workplace that prevent women from progressing the career ladder in terms of skill, status and pay

Question 33

What did Durkheim (1893) argue about gender differences?

Answer 33

The gendered division of labour was functional for society that individuals should take specialised roles for maximum efficiency

Question 34

How do functionalists see the gender pay gap?

Answer 34

It reflects the fact men have more human capital as they are less likely to take career breaks allowing them to build up their skills, qualifications and experience

Question 35

How did Olsen and Walby (2004) criticise the human capital theory?

Answer 35

They used data from the longitudinal British household panel survey because whilst they accept that women take career breaks, they argue women's low pay is a systematic disadvantage in acquiring human capital

Question 36

What did Weberian Hartnett (1978) argue?

Answer 36

Workers do not want a female boss as they see themselves as less dependable because they are not the main breadwinners since they will stop to have children

Question 37

What did Weberians Barron and Norris (1976) argue?

Answer 37

A dual labour market exists with a primary sector (a secure well-paying job with good prospects) and a secondary sector (poor pay and insecurity). Women are more likely to be in the secondary sector because women are seen are unsuitable for primary sector jobs, disrupted career prospects and a weak legal framework to support women's rights in employment helping to explain vertical segregation because women's subordinate status is normalised

Question 38

How did Bradley (1989) criticise the dual labour market?

Answer 38

It fails to explain inequalities in the same sector

Question 39

What does Murray (1984) argue about gender inequality?

Answer 39

Family diversity means that children miss out on the defined roles of fathers as the breadwinner and women as the homemaker

Question 40

What does Hakim (2000) argue about gender inequality?

Answer 40

Women choose which she coined as rational choice theory to prioritise family over their career, leading to lower earnings and less career progression

Question 41

What does Schlafly (2003) argue about gender inequality?

Answer 41

Women should see marriage and motherhood as the most important roles and that by pursuing careers, they are pursuing a false hope. Men should earn more money so they can provide for their wives and children so women can focus on childbearing

Question 42

What does Ginn et al (1996) do to criticise the New Right?

Answer 42

As the choice by women to prioritise their families and children is not a choice men have to make