gender Flashcards
explanation 1
women are more likely to face lower class positions than males due to social closure
women are more likely to face lower class positions than males due to social closure (weber)
- certain groups exercises social closure when describing the exclusion of certain people from membership to certain status groups and rankings with the labour market
- a range of characteristics can impact someones social class position
- the labour market is dominated by males in top roles and positions and it could be argued that men reserve and protect these top positions in society for themselves meaning they exclude women through the process of social closure
- women face multiple forms of inequality as a result of this social closure such as glass ceilings, horizontal and vertical segregation
explanation 2
women are more likely to hold lower positions within the market place
women are more likely to hold lower positions within the market place (Barron and Norris)
- argue that there is a dual market which can be used to explain women’s employment patterns:
- primary labour market
- secondary labour market
- women are more likely to be found in the disadvantaged portion for 3 reasons:
1. employers may hold stereotypical beliefs about the unsuitability of women in primary sector roles
2. women are more likely to experience disrupted career development due to maternity leave . due to social pressure to have a family it leads to women taking extensive time out of the labour market
3. the legal and political framework supporting women’s rights within the marketplace is often weak and ineffective
primary labour market
a market which compromises if high wage paying occupations which has men
- barron and norris
secondary labour market
a market which usually has low pay, part time or temporary work which requires less knowledge and skills
has women
- barron and norris
explanation 3
women hold less status within the labour market and therefore face a range of inequalities
women hold less status within the labour market and therefore face a range of inequalities
equal opportunities commission
women hold less status within the labour market and therefore face a range of inequalities (equal opportunities commission)
- the equal opportunities commission identified key explanations for the continued presence of horizontal segregation:
- individual differences
- indivudla career choices based on their perceptions about different careers
- discrimination by employers
- barriers within organisations
- vertical segregation describes mens domination of the highest ranking jobs in both traditionally male and female occupations. women are seen to hold lower positions
- they therefore face a glass ceiling or a leaky pipeline
glass ceiling
equal opportunities commission
- women will face lower levels of social mobility since employment is a key means of upward mobility
- it refers to the invisible barrier that women face and it keeps them from achieving power and success equal to men
glass elevator
equal opportunities commission
- men rise higher and faster up the career ladder than women particularly in a female dominated carer such as teaching
- this happens because men have ‘hidden advantages’ that assists them to get promotions
- gender stereotypes that results in men being viewed as more natural leaders
- the way that women are often seen as making emotional decisions whereas men are seen to make rational decisions
- women’s childbearing and family obligations
- the rarity of men in certain occupations which makes them standout and leads to different treatment
explanation 4
women are less likely than men to be in a position where they can exercise political power
women are less likely than men to be in a position where they can exercise political power
electoral commission
women are less likely than men to be in a position where they can exercise political power (electoral commission)
- there is evidence from the electoral commissions that suggest that women tend to participate less than men in groups that exert pressure and power in society.
- political activism gap shows that women are significantly less likely than men to participate in campaign orientated activities such as contacting a politician and donating money
- women are less likely to join voluntary organisations
- those who are in paid employment are in more successful households and are usually politically active
- the political activism gap is smaller in wealthier households
- women are less likely to have an opinion or a chance to participate in organisations that create power and pressure due to their position within society
