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Gender Flashcards

1
Q

How much males in the UK are convicts ?

A

4/5

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2
Q

By the age of 40 what are the percentage of males that are convicts compared to females

A

32% male
9% female

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3
Q

What types of crime are females more likely to commit ?

A

Property offences e.g. burglary

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4
Q

What types of crime are males more likely to commit ?

A

Violent or sexual crimes

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5
Q

True or false :
Are men more likely to be repeat offenders ?

A

True

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6
Q

Yes or no :
Do official statistics provide a true representation of female offending ?

A

No

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7
Q

What are the actual female offending facts ?

A

•female crimes such as shoplifting more likely to be unreported

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8
Q

What is the chivalry thesis ?

A

This is the theory that men are more “chivalrous “ ( protective ) of women

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9
Q

What did Otto Pollak say ?

A

-Men more protective towards females
-Therefore male police officers less likely to arrest them

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10
Q

Which theorists supported chivalry thesis ?

A

•Graham and Bowling
•Flood

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11
Q

How did Graham and Bowling support chivalry thesis ?

A

Girls crime rate was higher than official statistics suggested

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12
Q

How did Flood support Chivalry thesis ?

A

Found women are more likely to be cautioned compared to men

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13
Q

What do official statistics show ?

A

Females more likely to be released on bail, receive a fine and less likely to to go to prison

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14
Q

What is the evidence against chivalry thesis ?

A

•Farrington and Buckle -> twice as many males shoplift
•self report studies show -> men do commit more crime

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15
Q

Feminists view on Chivalry thesis

A

Court are not more lenient on women but instead more harsh

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16
Q

What did feminists find to back up their point ?

A

•Heidenson =women not punished for crime but punished for disobeying gender norms
•Carlen = court take into account whether a women is a mother before they punish them - if child in care the women more likely to get sent to jail
•Rape cases = women who are victims have to fight their case

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17
Q

Which theorist talks about how women have to fight their case in Rape situations?

A

Walklate

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18
Q

Who talks about sex role theory ?

A

Functionalists

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19
Q

What is the sex role theory ?

A

Men take instrumental role ( money , tough) and women take on expressive role ( caring )
•encourages boys to reject tenderness but instead become delinquents

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20
Q

Which theorist talk about patriarchal control theory and does it reduce crime ?

A

Feminists and they believe due to women being controlled it restricts them from committing crime

21
Q

Which specific feminist theorist talks about patriarchal control theory ?

A

Heidensohn

22
Q

What are the three areas of control Heidenson found ?

A

•Control at Home
•control in public
•Control at work

23
Q

How are feminists controlled at home ?

A

•Women confined to the house
•Women face domestic violence at home
+DOBASH AND DOBASH found violence occurred due to males being unimpressed how female do duties
•women restricted leisure time as no money

24
Q

Which theorist says violence occurs due to males dissatisfaction of women performing duties ?

A

DOBASH AND DOBASH

25
How are women controlled in public ?
•Islington survey found 54% women avoid going out after dark •girls controlled in school as the receive sexualised verbal abuse from boys
26
How are women controlled at work ?
•Women are subordinate to men •Heidenson says patriarchy pushes women into poverty •Reduces opportunity to commit crim
27
What type of female crime as a result of patriarchy?
Theft and prostitution to earn a living
28
What two types of reward did Carlen find ?
•class deal •gender deal
29
What does Hirschi say ?
Humans act rationally and controlled by deals
30
What is the class deal ?
Women who are offered material rewards therefore have a decent standard of living and luxury
31
What is the gender deal ?
Women gain emotional and material rewards if they conform to gender norms -> can lead to people falling into crime as they feel trapped
32
What did Carlen find from his study ?
•class deal 32 women always lived in poverty and didn’t improved chance of getting into work •gender deal Lots of women didn’t have opportunity to make deal as - suffered donenstic abuse -spent time in care
33
Who talks about control theory ?
HIRSCHI
34
Criticism of control theory
Stated women are fundamentally shaped by society and ignores element of free will
35
Which theorist talks about liberation thesis ?
Adler
36
What is liberation thesis ?
More oppportunities for women therefore coming more crime (Women more assertive less subject to control ) One example is social policy equal pay act
37
What evidence supports liberation thesis
Denscome studied teenage girls and found they engaged in risk taking behaviour and wanted to “look hard “
38
Evaluation of liberation thesis
•Female crime rose in 1950s before women’s liberation movement in 1960s •female offenders more likely to be working class -> middle class who had opportunities didn’t fall into crime and benefited more
39
Crimininalisation of females
Women arrested for less serious forms of violence E.g. USA domestic abuse both parties arrested even thought women is the victim
40
How many males are victims are homocide ?
70%
41
Which gender are more likely to be victims of violence ?
Males
42
How many percentage of women who are sexually assaulted go and actually report it ?
8%
43
What did Lea and Young find in victim surveys ?
Women are at greater risk and women do not report all violence during victim surveys
44
What does Messerschmidt say ?
Masculinity is a social construct and men have to work to achieve it
45
What does the key term that means society says an idea to what a real man is ?
HEGEMONIC MASCULINITY
46
Different ways groups achieve hegemonic masculinity:
•white middle class youths -> subordinate yourself to middle class status . Due to this masculinity takes place through drinking •white working class -> masculinity achieved in and out of school •black working class -> express masculinity through violence
47
Evaluation of Messerschmidt
Fails to explain why all men do not use crime to achieve hegemonic masculinity
48
What does Winlow talk about ?
Young me found new opportunities to combine working and achieving hegemonic masculinity e.g. bouncer
49
How can you achieve hegemonic masculinity through a bouncer ?
Look the part - bodily capital -> physically built -tattoos -strong -> have to look scary to keep people away and if people enter fight to kick them out

Sociology (9 decks)

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