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gender Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

what is the diversity approach?

A

-suggests our biological sex does not make a difference to the language we use
- language is influenced by roles in society and interaction with others

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2
Q

what is gender?

A
  • the way we choose to present ourselves
  • refers to characteristics that are socially constructed
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3
Q

is gender a binary concept?

A

no, there are more than two ways to identify

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4
Q

what is someone’s sex?

A

-biological characteristics that make up a m/f

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5
Q

what is genderlect?

A
  • the language used by a specific gender
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6
Q

what is idiolect?

A
  • a person’s language individually
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7
Q

what does deborah cameron support?

A

the diversity model

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8
Q

what does deborah cameron believe?

A
  • difference is a myth
  • any noticeable differences in men and women’s language is due to societal expectations
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9
Q

what term did deborah cameron coin?

A

-‘verbal hygiene’ to refer to the ways in which people regulate their language to conform to social expectations

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10
Q

what does judith butler support?

A

the diversity model

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11
Q

what did judith butler suggest?

A

the idea of gender performativity

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12
Q

what is gender performativity?

A

-gender can be performed
-gender identity is because of recurrent behaviours that emulate gender norms

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13
Q

what does judith butler believe?

A
  • aims to show that there isn’t a difference between m/f language
  • gender constructed from the language we choose and how we interact socially
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14
Q

what is heteronormativity?

A

-the belief that everyone is straight

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15
Q

what does judith baxter support?

A

the diversity model

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16
Q

what does judith baxter challenge?

A

-the dominance and difference model
-the idea that women lack power in conversations with men

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17
Q

what does judith baxter believe?

A

women are equally as capable of taking empowered leadership roles

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18
Q

what does judith baxter think about power relations?

A

they refer to how people use language to maintain dominance

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19
Q

what does o’barr and atkins support?

A

the diversity model

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20
Q

what do o’barr and atkins oppose?

A

the deficit model and robin lakoff

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21
Q

what did o’barr and atkins analyse?

A

language in a courtroom

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22
Q

what did o’barr and atkins find?

A

that weak/ uncertain language typically associated with women was used by both men and women in vulnerable positions with a lack of power

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23
Q

what does christine howe support?

A

the diversity model

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24
Q

what does christine howe focus on?

A

diversity approach in classroom

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25
Q

what does christine howe argue?

A

although there are differences in language from different genders, gender is not the only reason for it

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26
Q

what does christine howe believe?

A

that teachers should teach children to work as a group which means that they can communicate effectively

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27
Q

what is the deficit model?

A
  • proposes that women’s language is deficient to male’s
  • m/f have different characteristics of speech
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28
Q

how is otto jesperson connected with the deficit model?

A

deficit model is attributed to jesperson

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29
Q

what does otto jesperson state?

A

that male language was the norm and other forms (women’s language) is deficient

30
Q

what does otto jesperson argue?

A

that f’s language is unfinished and lacks complex syntactical structure

31
Q

what does robin lakoff support?

A

the deficit model

32
Q

what does robin lakoff believe?

A

that women’s language is deficient to males and tend to use more fillers/hedges/empty adjectives

33
Q

what does pamela fishman support?

A

deficit model

34
Q

who does pamela fishman support?

A

robin lakoff by stating that women do ask more questions

35
Q

what is pamela fishman’s controversial opinion when supporting deficit model?

A

that the repetition of tag questions are an effective way to gain conversational power as opposed to lacking power

36
Q

what does goodwin support?

A

the deficit model

37
Q

what does goodwin agree with?

A

lakoff’s principles

38
Q

what did goodwin study?

A

conversations in america

39
Q

what did goodwin find?

A

women sound out signals and signs of agreement, and apologised more

40
Q

what does defransisco support?

A

deficit model

41
Q

what did defransisco find?

A

women introduced topics more than men but were less successful at getting their topics accepted. minimal responses used by men to control conversation and make women work harder

42
Q

are genders still viewed as polarised?

A

no

43
Q

what is indexicality?

A

whereby speakers connect with particular linguistic features with representations of social groups that they are usually stereotyped with

44
Q

what does coates support?

A

dominance approach

45
Q

what did coates find?

A

that white british males indexed their masculinity through talking about topics that are stereotypically male (women/sports)

46
Q

what is falsetto?

A

a higher pitch that is typically classed as a camp language

47
Q

what did podvesa study?

A

a gay medical student, who exhibited a considerable phonetic range across situations

48
Q

what was podvesa’s overall findings?

A

heath used falsetto most at bbq with friends, less frequently when talking to his dad and least of all with a patient. more acoustically extreme when in a familiar environment

49
Q

what are criticisms of jesperson?

A
  • didn’t conduct any studies
  • based work on fictional literature
  • quoted others who didn’t do any studies
50
Q

what are limitations of lakoff?

A
  • theories not based on evidence
  • claims are stereotypical of both genders
51
Q

what does janet holmes support?

A

deficit model

52
Q

what does janet holmes believe?

A

that tag questions are a device to maintain discussion/ be polite. therefore showing desire to co-operate

53
Q

what did dubois and crouch find?

A

carried out observations that found men used tag questions more than women, though it was not suggested that they were less confident speakers

54
Q

what is biological determinism?

A

your sex determines your behaviour

55
Q

what is patriarchy?

A

male dominated society

56
Q

what is a polarised model?

A

two different groups

57
Q

what is a homogeneous groups?

A

everyone in a group is the same

58
Q

what is the dominance approach?

A

how power/social hierarchies are reflected in linguistic patterns

59
Q

what does zimmerman and west support?

A

dominance approach

60
Q

what did zimmerman and west focus on?

A

the way in which men seem to control and dominate mixed- sex conversations

61
Q

what did zimmerman and west find?

A

that 96% of interruptions were made by men, reflecting a male dominated society

62
Q

what are limitations of zimmerman and west?

A

-very small case study
- subjects all white middle class
- did not count same sex conversations

63
Q

what does dale spender support?

A

the dominance approach

64
Q

what did dale spender state?

A

that male dominate conversations to show power, showing a patriarchal society

65
Q

what does dale spender say?

A

language was made by men for men

66
Q

what does beattie oppose?

A

the dominance model

67
Q

who does beattie contradict?

A

zimmerman and west

68
Q

what did beattie conduct?

A

own research of 10 hours of discussion

69
Q

what did beattie find?

A

that men and women interrupt pretty much the same

70
Q

what does pilkington oppose?

A

the dominance model

71
Q

who does pilkington challenge?

A

lakoff

72
Q

what does pilkington state?

A

language isn’t dominant, but competitive

english language (6 decks)

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