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english language > gender > Flashcards

gender Flashcards

1
Q

what is the diversity approach?

A

-suggests our biological sex does not make a difference to the language we use
- language is influenced by roles in society and interaction with others

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2
Q

what is gender?

A
  • the way we choose to present ourselves
  • refers to characteristics that are socially constructed
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3
Q

is gender a binary concept?

A

no, there are more than two ways to identify

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4
Q

what is someone’s sex?

A

-biological characteristics that make up a m/f

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5
Q

what is genderlect?

A
  • the language used by a specific gender
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6
Q

what is idiolect?

A
  • a person’s language individually
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7
Q

what does deborah cameron support?

A

the diversity model

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8
Q

what does deborah cameron believe?

A
  • difference is a myth
  • any noticeable differences in men and women’s language is due to societal expectations
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9
Q

what term did deborah cameron coin?

A

-‘verbal hygiene’ to refer to the ways in which people regulate their language to conform to social expectations

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10
Q

what does judith butler support?

A

the diversity model

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11
Q

what did judith butler suggest?

A

the idea of gender performativity

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12
Q

what is gender performativity?

A

-gender can be performed
-gender identity is because of recurrent behaviours that emulate gender norms

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13
Q

what does judith butler believe?

A
  • aims to show that there isn’t a difference between m/f language
  • gender constructed from the language we choose and how we interact socially
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14
Q

what is heteronormativity?

A

-the belief that everyone is straight

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15
Q

what does judith baxter support?

A

the diversity model

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16
Q

what does judith baxter challenge?

A

-the dominance and difference model
-the idea that women lack power in conversations with men

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17
Q

what does judith baxter believe?

A

women are equally as capable of taking empowered leadership roles

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18
Q

what does judith baxter think about power relations?

A

they refer to how people use language to maintain dominance

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19
Q

what does o’barr and atkins support?

A

the diversity model

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20
Q

what do o’barr and atkins oppose?

A

the deficit model and robin lakoff

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21
Q

what did o’barr and atkins analyse?

A

language in a courtroom

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22
Q

what did o’barr and atkins find?

A

that weak/ uncertain language typically associated with women was used by both men and women in vulnerable positions with a lack of power

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23
Q

what does christine howe support?

A

the diversity model

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24
Q

what does christine howe focus on?

A

diversity approach in classroom

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25
what does christine howe argue?
although there are differences in language from different genders, gender is not the only reason for it
26
what does christine howe believe?
that teachers should teach children to work as a group which means that they can communicate effectively
27
what is the deficit model?
- proposes that women’s language is deficient to male’s - m/f have different characteristics of speech
28
how is otto jesperson connected with the deficit model?
deficit model is attributed to jesperson
29
what does otto jesperson state?
that male language was the norm and other forms (women’s language) is deficient
30
what does otto jesperson argue?
that f’s language is unfinished and lacks complex syntactical structure
31
what does robin lakoff support?
the deficit model
32
what does robin lakoff believe?
that women’s language is deficient to males and tend to use more fillers/hedges/empty adjectives
33
what does pamela fishman support?
deficit model
34
who does pamela fishman support?
robin lakoff by stating that women do ask more questions
35
what is pamela fishman’s controversial opinion when supporting deficit model?
that the repetition of tag questions are an effective way to gain conversational power as opposed to lacking power
36
what does goodwin support?
the deficit model
37
what does goodwin agree with?
lakoff’s principles
38
what did goodwin study?
conversations in america
39
what did goodwin find?
women sound out signals and signs of agreement, and apologised more
40
what does defransisco support?
deficit model
41
what did defransisco find?
women introduced topics more than men but were less successful at getting their topics accepted. minimal responses used by men to control conversation and make women work harder
42
are genders still viewed as polarised?
no
43
what is indexicality?
whereby speakers connect with particular linguistic features with representations of social groups that they are usually stereotyped with
44
what does coates support?
dominance approach
45
what did coates find?
that white british males indexed their masculinity through talking about topics that are stereotypically male (women/sports)
46
what is falsetto?
a higher pitch that is typically classed as a camp language
47
what did podvesa study?
a gay medical student, who exhibited a considerable phonetic range across situations
48
what was podvesa’s overall findings?
heath used falsetto most at bbq with friends, less frequently when talking to his dad and least of all with a patient. more acoustically extreme when in a familiar environment
49
what are criticisms of jesperson?
- didn’t conduct any studies - based work on fictional literature - quoted others who didn’t do any studies
50
what are limitations of lakoff?
- theories not based on evidence - claims are stereotypical of both genders
51
what does janet holmes support?
deficit model
52
what does janet holmes believe?
that tag questions are a device to maintain discussion/ be polite. therefore showing desire to co-operate
53
what did dubois and crouch find?
carried out observations that found men used tag questions more than women, though it was not suggested that they were less confident speakers
54
what is biological determinism?
your sex determines your behaviour
55
what is patriarchy?
male dominated society
56
what is a polarised model?
two different groups
57
what is a homogeneous groups?
everyone in a group is the same
58
what is the dominance approach?
how power/social hierarchies are reflected in linguistic patterns
59
what does zimmerman and west support?
dominance approach
60
what did zimmerman and west focus on?
the way in which men seem to control and dominate mixed- sex conversations
61
what did zimmerman and west find?
that 96% of interruptions were made by men, reflecting a male dominated society
62
what are limitations of zimmerman and west?
-very small case study - subjects all white middle class - did not count same sex conversations
63
what does dale spender support?
the dominance approach
64
what did dale spender state?
that male dominate conversations to show power, showing a patriarchal society
65
what does dale spender say?
language was made by men for men
66
what does beattie oppose?
the dominance model
67
who does beattie contradict?
zimmerman and west
68
what did beattie conduct?
own research of 10 hours of discussion
69
what did beattie find?
that men and women interrupt pretty much the same
70
what does pilkington oppose?
the dominance model
71
who does pilkington challenge?
lakoff
72
what does pilkington state?
language isn’t dominant, but competitive

english language (8 decks)

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