GENDER

Question 1

sex

Answer 1

biological (anatomical and genetic) differences between males and females
from conception due to chromosomes XX/XY

Question 2

gender

Answer 2

psychological (behaviour) distinction between masculine and feminine personality traits, may not match biological sex

Question 3

sex role stereotype

Answer 3

culturally shared set of expectations of correct male and female behaviour, learn by socialisation

Question 4

androgyny

Answer 4

having a balanced mixture of both masculine (ie competitive) and feminine (ie caring) personality traits

Question 5

Bem sex role inventory

Answer 5

bem (1974) a measure of androgyny, participants rate themselves on 7 point scale on 60 characteristics/traits. scored on two dimensions masculinity and femininity.
high on both = androgynous
low on both = undifferentiated

Question 6

BSRI traits

Answer 6

20 masculine (aggressive, independent, risk taking)
20 feminine (warm, cheerful, shy)
20 natural (reliable, adaptable)

Bem argues androgynous people are more psychologically healthy than other types

Question 7

role of chromosomes

Answer 7

23rd chromosome pair determines sex
XX = F
XY = M
testes develop due to area on Y chromosome (sex determining region), testes produce androgens resulting in other sex differences

Question 8

role of hormones

Answer 8

influence biology (brain/anatomy) development before birth, at puberty secondary sexual characteristics
biological effects caused by hormones may influence gender identify / behaviour

Question 9

testosterone

Answer 9

much higher concentration in males, starts development of male genitals before botch
leads to changes in hypothalamus and other brain changes, linked to aggressive male behaviour

Question 10

oestrogen

Answer 10

much higher concentration in females, produces female secondary sexual characteristics and regulates menstruation
linked to irritability and caring behaviour

Question 11

oxytocin

Answer 11

stress reducing ‘love hormone’ produced during sex by m&s, promotes pair bonding and is produced in large amounts by females during breastfeeding, helps bonding with their newborn babies

Question 12

atypical sex chromosome patterns

Answer 12

variations in the 23rd pair of chromosomes from the typical XY M or XX F pattern

Question 13

Kleinfelter’s Syndrome

Answer 13

XXY, biologically male, 1 in 660
physical - lacks facial hair, tall, long limbs, small testes, breast tissue
psychological - cognitive difficulties (eg dyslexia) passive but can have aggressive outbursts

Question 14

turner syndrome

Answer 14

XO, biologically female, 1 in 2000
physical - no menstrual cycle / sterile, short, limited breast development, wide chest, short-webbed neck, immature appearance
psychological - high level or verbal skills (reading/writing) low visual ability and socially immature

Question 15

cognitive explanation

Answer 15

children’s understanding of gender actively develops due to intellectual development / experience

Question 16

Kohlberg’s theory

Answer 16

understanding of gender develops gradually in stages (Stage 1-3) due to maturation (brain development), socialisation (learning cultural norms) and lessening ego centrism (starting to see from other peoples perspective)

Question 17

gender identity

Answer 17

stage one
2-3 yr
aware of own gender ad boy/girl
identify others’ gender but not aware of permanence

Question 18

gender stability

Answer 18

Stage 2
4-5yr
aware of own gender fixed over time
confused by others non-normative appearance/roles

Question 19

gender consistency

Answer 19

stage 3
5yr+
recognised everyone’s gender is consistent over time despite unusual context (eg hair)

Question 20

same sex role models

Answer 20

after consistency children identify and imitate same gendered individuals