Gender Flashcards
Outline Bem (1974) - BSRI androgeny self report
- Gave participants 7 point scale of 60 charecteristics
- Scored based on masculinity/femininty
2 positive evaluation points of Bem (1974)
- High test-retest reliability
- Seperated gender from sex
2 negative evaluation points of BSRI
- Lacks temporal valdity (some traits are not necessarily true anymore)
- Oversimplifies gender into ‘traits’, not hollistic
What are the three hormones which influence gender?
- Testosterone
- Oestrogen
- Oxytocin
Wagner (1980) - castrated mice study
- Castrated male mice showed reduced agression
- Injection of testosterone reversed change
Quadago et al (1977) - monkeys and testosterone
- Female monkeys prenatally exposed to higher levels testosterone
- Engaged in more aggressive/rough and tumble play
What are 2 limitations of the biological approach in gender development?
- Biologically determinist
- Reductionist
Outline Klinefelters syndrome
Identify the genotype and the charecteristics
- XXY genotype
- Long limbs, breast development, no facial hair
Outline Turners syndrome
- XO genotype
- Sterile, short, high level of verbal skill
Outline Kohlberg’s theory of gender devlopment
- Indentity : 2-3 years
- Stability : 4-5 years
- Constancy : 6+ years
After constancy, children begin to learn gender-appropriate stereotypes
Slaby and Frey (1975) - research evidence for Kohlberg
- Children aged 4 did not recognise the stability of traits over time
- Children in the constancy stage showed more interest in watching same sex role models
What are two negative evaluations for Kohlberg’s theory?
- Children aged 3 showed gender behaviour/constancy (Martin and Little)
- Boys show constancy at an earlier age than girls, not accounted for in the model.
Outline gender schema theory
- Gender schema formed
- Child seeks out more info about the ingroup
- Negatively evaluate outgroup to increasing feeling of belonging
Martin and Halverson (1983) - remembering photographs
- Children under 6
- More likely to to remember gender consistent photographs when tested a week later
Bardbard et al (1986) - gendered items
- 4 to 9 year olds
- Took more interest in ‘gender consistent’ items
Outline the Oedipius complex (4)
- Phallic stage (4-5yrs)
- Boys desire mother, want father dead
- Castration anxitey comes about
- Resolved by idenitfying with the father
Outline the Electra complex (4)
- Phallic stage (4-5yrs)
- Girls have penis envy
- Compete with mother for fathers attention
- Resolved with identification and replace penis envy with baby desire
Levin (1921) - reasearch support for the psychodynamic theory
- 32 patients with BPD
- 22 had unresolved Electra complex
What are 2 negative evaluations of the psychodyanmic theory?
- Children do not know what oppposite sex gentalia looks like
- Does not account for one parent/same-sex families (Patterson)
Outline SLT theory for gender development (4)
- Gender behaviours learnt from same sex role-models
- Vicarious reinforcement
- Mediational processes required
- Maintenance through differential reinforcement
Smith and Lloyd (1978) - adult reinforcement
- 6 month old babies dressed in either boys or girls clothes
- Adults reinforced behaviour for the gender they percieved, eg with specific toys
What are two negative evaluation points of the SLT theory?
- Reductionist
- Peers are too young to influence gender behaviour, they only reinforce gender stereotypes
Pingree (1978) - role of media on gender roles
- Found sterotyping was reduced when children were shown women in non-traditonal gender roles
Mcghee and Freuh (1980) - 25 hours of TV vs 10
- Longitudinal study of children aged 6-12
- Those who watched more than 25 hours of TV a week showed more stereotyping than those who watched less than 10
What is the significance of the Tchambuli tribe?
Women provide for the family, they are the ones who maintain peace and control
What are three theories for atypical gender development?
- Brain-sex theory
- Phantom limb syndrome
- Enmeshed mother-son relationship (Stoller)
Outline brain-sex theory + negative evaluation
Zhou et al - the BSTc is smaller in females and MtFs
- BSTc difference only appears in adulthood (Chung et al)
Outline phantom limb theory (Ramachandran and McGeoch)
- FtMs believe they have a phantom penis
- MtFs belive they should not a penis
What are 2 evaluations of research into gender dysphoria?
- Repercussions of research (socially sensitive)
- Nature vs nurture
