Gender

Question 1

Outline Bem (1974) - BSRI androgeny self report

Answer 1

• Gave participants 7 point scale of 60 charecteristics
• Scored based on masculinity/femininty

Question 2

2 positive evaluation points of Bem (1974)

Answer 2

• High test-retest reliability
• Seperated gender from sex

Question 3

2 negative evaluation points of BSRI

Answer 3

• Lacks temporal valdity (some traits are not necessarily true anymore)
• Oversimplifies gender into ‘traits’, not hollistic

Question 4

What are the three hormones which influence gender?

Answer 4

• Testosterone
• Oestrogen
• Oxytocin

Question 5

Wagner (1980) - castrated mice study

Answer 5

• Castrated male mice showed reduced agression
• Injection of testosterone reversed change

Question 6

Quadago et al (1977) - monkeys and testosterone

Answer 6

• Female monkeys prenatally exposed to higher levels testosterone
• Engaged in more aggressive/rough and tumble play

Question 7

What are 2 limitations of the biological approach in gender development?

Answer 7

• Biologically determinist
• Reductionist

Question 8

Outline Klinefelters syndrome

Identify the genotype and the charecteristics

Answer 8

• XXY genotype
• Long limbs, breast development, no facial hair

Question 9

Outline Turners syndrome

Answer 9

• XO genotype
• Sterile, short, high level of verbal skill

Question 10

Outline Kohlberg’s theory of gender devlopment

Answer 10

• Indentity : 2-3 years
• Stability : 4-5 years
• Constancy : 6+ years
  After constancy, children begin to learn gender-appropriate stereotypes

Question 11

Slaby and Frey (1975) - research evidence for Kohlberg

Answer 11

• Children aged 4 did not recognise the stability of traits over time
• Children in the constancy stage showed more interest in watching same sex role models

Question 12

What are two negative evaluations for Kohlberg’s theory?

Answer 12

• Children aged 3 showed gender behaviour/constancy (Martin and Little)
• Boys show constancy at an earlier age than girls, not accounted for in the model.

Question 13

Outline gender schema theory

Answer 13

• Gender schema formed
• Child seeks out more info about the ingroup
• Negatively evaluate outgroup to increasing feeling of belonging

Question 14

Martin and Halverson (1983) - remembering photographs

Answer 14

• Children under 6
• More likely to to remember gender consistent photographs when tested a week later

Question 15

Bardbard et al (1986) - gendered items

Answer 15

• 4 to 9 year olds
• Took more interest in ‘gender consistent’ items

Question 16

Outline the Oedipius complex (4)

Answer 16

• Phallic stage (4-5yrs)
• Boys desire mother, want father dead
• Castration anxitey comes about
• Resolved by idenitfying with the father

Question 17

Outline the Electra complex (4)

Answer 17

• Phallic stage (4-5yrs)
• Girls have penis envy
• Compete with mother for fathers attention
• Resolved with identification and replace penis envy with baby desire

Question 18

Levin (1921) - reasearch support for the psychodynamic theory

Answer 18

• 32 patients with BPD
• 22 had unresolved Electra complex

Question 19

What are 2 negative evaluations of the psychodyanmic theory?

Answer 19

• Children do not know what oppposite sex gentalia looks like
• Does not account for one parent/same-sex families (Patterson)

Question 20

Outline SLT theory for gender development (4)

Answer 20

• Gender behaviours learnt from same sex role-models
• Vicarious reinforcement
• Mediational processes required
• Maintenance through differential reinforcement

Question 21

Smith and Lloyd (1978) - adult reinforcement

Answer 21

• 6 month old babies dressed in either boys or girls clothes
• Adults reinforced behaviour for the gender they percieved, eg with specific toys

Question 22

What are two negative evaluation points of the SLT theory?

Answer 22

• Reductionist
• Peers are too young to influence gender behaviour, they only reinforce gender stereotypes

Question 23

Pingree (1978) - role of media on gender roles

Answer 23

• Found sterotyping was reduced when children were shown women in non-traditonal gender roles

Question 24

Mcghee and Freuh (1980) - 25 hours of TV vs 10

Answer 24

• Longitudinal study of children aged 6-12
• Those who watched more than 25 hours of TV a week showed more stereotyping than those who watched less than 10

Question 25

What is the significance of the Tchambuli tribe?

Answer 25

Women provide for the family, they are the ones who maintain peace and control

Question 26

What are three theories for atypical gender development?

Answer 26

• Brain-sex theory
• Phantom limb syndrome
• Enmeshed mother-son relationship (Stoller)

Question 27

Outline brain-sex theory + negative evaluation

Answer 27

Zhou et al - the BSTc is smaller in females and MtFs
- BSTc difference only appears in adulthood (Chung et al)

Question 28

Outline phantom limb theory (Ramachandran and McGeoch)

Answer 28

• FtMs believe they have a phantom penis
• MtFs belive they should not a penis

Question 29

What are 2 evaluations of research into gender dysphoria?

Answer 29

• Repercussions of research (socially sensitive)
• Nature vs nurture