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Sociology Unit 1 > Gender > Flashcards

Gender Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is sex?

A

Biologically determined

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2
Q

What is gender?

A

Results from cultural expectations

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3
Q

What is hegemonic masculinity and femininity?

A
  • A traditional set of ideas about how men and women are supposed to behave in the UK
  • Women are expected to occupy the maternal role and take on responsibility for housework, whereas men are expected to be head of the household and the economic breadwinner
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4
Q

What is the socio- biological view of gender?

A

Gender roles are biologically determined and are therefore, fixed and unchangeable

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5
Q

What does Wilson argue?

A

That males are genetically programmed to be more promiscuous

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6
Q

What does Fox argue?

A

That men are born to be hunters and women are nurturers

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7
Q

What does Statham argue about family and gender identity?

A

By the age of 5, most children have a clear gender identity.
They know what gender they belong to and what is appropriate behaviour for that gender

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8
Q

What did Ann Oakley analyse?

A

How girls are socialised into their gender role
By the age of 5 most girls had a sense of gender identity

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9
Q

How do we learn our gender identity according to Ann Oakley?

A
  1. Manipulation - rewards and punishments
  2. Canalization - Channelling interests into gender appropriate toys
  3. Verbal appellations - Names given
  4. Different activities
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10
Q

What does Seidler argue about Asian girls femininity?

A
  • Perceptions and expectations for their femininity based on their experiences within their family - learning what they are allowed to do less than their brothers and that there are expectations placed on them on how girls are supposed to behave
  • Girls adopt a dual femininity - a traditional, normative female role at home and a more questioning femininity outside
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11
Q

According to A - Level entries from 2010 more girls studied…

A
  • Art
  • English
  • Law
  • German
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12
Q

According to A - Level entries from 2010 more boys studied…

A
  • Economics
  • Maths
  • History
  • Media/film studies
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13
Q

What did Christine Skelton study

A

A primary school and describes ways in which gender sterotypes were created and maintained
EG at assembly the head would ask male staff to move equipment and posters of the walls at the school showed boys being active or naughty and girls being passive and good

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14
Q

Osler and Vincent - Passive Femininity

A
  • The girls they researched were less willing to pose direct challenges to authority because they didn’t want to get into trouble
  • Boys were viewed positively by their peers if they got into trouble
  • For girls, their physical appearance was seen as important
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15
Q

What did Stanworth find?

A

Different attitudes and expectations of males and females
- Academically successful females “likely to become a PA to someone important”
- Males students got more attention from teachers

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16
Q

Frosh et al (2002)

A

Boys identified characteristics such as hardness, having a fashionable look, holding anti - school values and being sporty as those to aspire to

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17
Q

Reynolds (2001)

A
  • Pressure on studious, artistic, non-sporty boys
  • Labelled sweats, geeks, nerds
  • Develop ways to cope - play down academic success, bully academic boys
  • Make fun of girls who are “too academic”
18
Q

MacDonald and Marsh (2005)

A

Found peer groups were important to groups of disengaged young males, peers who were in the same or similar economic and social situation as each other

19
Q

Burdsey (2004)

A
  • To become one of the team, young Asian footballers would often subsume their ethnic identity under a laddish one
  • The peer group had greater importance outside their home rather than their ethnic identity
20
Q

Cumberbatch’s study of television commercials

A
  • Cumberbatch’s study of television commercials concluded that such adverts reflected an “unacceptable face of sexism” and contribute to the patriarchal idea that ultimately women exists in what is essentially a man’s world
  • Cumberbatch also found that men were more than twice as likely to be shown in paid employment while women were more than twice as likely to be shown doing things like washing and cleaning
21
Q

Ballister (1991)

A
  • Notes that magazines seem to be present conflicting messages
  • On the one hand, women are encouraged to behave radically in terms of sexuality and careers but are encouraged to conform to traditional feminine ideals
22
Q

Sean Nixon

A
  • A backlash against the “new man” in the early 90s
  • Yobbish lads - Liam Gallagher
  • Men started to have a good time through sex, lager and loutish behaviour
23
Q

Wolf (1990)

A

Argues that the media presents women’s bodies as “projects” in need of improvement in terms of shape, size and weight

24
Q

Mort

A
  • Marketing changes in the media in the 80s lead to changes in male identity
  • Items traditionally aimed at men have become more acceptable for women
  • Shopping no longer a female activity
  • Men more subject to traditional female pressures of looking good
25
Q

Miller and Hoffman

A

That women are more religious than men; they said that women were more likely to go to church and have stronger personal religious commitment than men.
Women are taught to be passive, obedient and nurturing than men, qualities that religion sees as very important

26
Q

Watson

A

Looked at Muslim communities and stated that the veil has the potential to give women their freedom.
All three Muslim women that she spoke to all said that wearing the veil hide them from men, and prevented men from seeing them as sexual objects

27
Q

What is horizontal segregation?

A

Women tend to earn less than men for the same jobs

28
Q

What is Vertical segregation?

A

Women unable to progress the career ladder because of maternity breaks

29
Q

Billington et al

A

Pointed out that masculinity is usually linked with men as being workers. He said that women’s roles are seen as domestic labourers.

30
Q

Sharpe and Wilkinson

A

Argue that the increasing participation and success of women in the world of paid work mean that traditional notions of female identity are being abandoned

31
Q

Sue SHARPE, 1972

A
  • 1972, Sharpes survey of working class girls concluded that gender socialisation meant that the female identity revolved around “love, marriage, husband, children and careers”. In terms of jobs she found that girls were drawn to typically female work such as office work, hairdressing or working with children
32
Q

Sue Sharpe, 1990s

A
  • Replicated the same research in the 90s
  • Girls more confident and assertive
  • Committed to gender equality
  • Careers and economic independence were their main goals
33
Q

Helen Wilkinson

A
  • Genderquake
  • Girls no longer happy to follow traditional mother and wife roles
  • No longer willing to tolerate abusive men or an unhappy marriage
34
Q

Connells “new man”

A

Argues that the “new man” is non sexist, non aggressive male who is sensitive, considerate, caring and sharing

35
Q

Burrell and Brinkworth

A

Some young females are adopting masculine values and norms, especially in regards to sex, drinking culture and girl gangs.
These “ladettes” have adopted the attitudes of working class, antisocial males.

36
Q

David Abbott (2000)

A

Modern men have a growing interest in fashion and grooming
The new “metrosexual” male is taking more interest in clothes, hair and appearance.
Their identities increasingly revolve around their dress sense, body image and the right look

37
Q

Man an Ghaill

A

Not all men are motivated by fashion or style
Heavy manual work as mining or shipbuilding provided working class men with a strong sense of pride. Most of these jobs have now disappeared in the UK now.
Some men may be reacting to this crisis in masculinity by turning frustration to violence, crime, sexism and anti subcultures that are based on exaggerating masculine values

38
Q

Messerschmidt

A

Argues that the relatively powerless men use domestic violence, rape and even murder to reassert male control when they feel masculinity is threatened by women

39
Q

Baby pressure

A

Still a great deal of baby pressure from society to become wives and mothers. Women who choose to have careers instead of children are seen as deviant and working mothers are blamed for social problems such as juvenile delinquency.

40
Q

Influence of the media

A
  • Little signs of improvement in how women are portrayed by the media
  • Mostly portrayed as sex objects and are judged on their weight rather than their intellect.
  • The media representation of women also represent their roles as a mother/ housewife
41
Q

Gardner and Shepard

A

Argue that men and women have increasingly turned to they buy and their leisure activities to create an identity for themselves rather than masculinity and feminist

Sociology Unit 1 (9 decks)

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