Gender Flashcards
Who said that women make more effort to conform to standard usage to appear respectable?
Which model do they support?
Lakoff
Deficit
Who said that society expects better of women? How does this expectation develop with age? What effect does it have?
Which model do they support?
Lakoff
In childhood, bad behaviour from boys is more tolerated
If girls try and ‘talk rough’ they will be ostracised/scolded or made fun of
In adulthood, women are expected to play the dominant role in childcare, including modelling ‘correct speech’
This socialisation into behaving like a ‘lady’ prevents women being powerful
Deficit
Who said that tag questions are a sign of politeness not uncertainty? What purpose to they serve?
Which model do they support?
Janet Holmes, 1992
They can be used to express solidarity or weaken a command/criticism (negative politeness)
Diversity
Who concluded that language differences were based on power rather than gender? What were their findings?Which model do they support?
O’Barr and Atkins
Female lawyers are assertive and interrupt, while witnesses of both genders used features of Lakoff’s ‘weak’ female language
Concluded that weak traits were due to powerlessness not being female, so other factors were more influential than gender
Diversity
Who said that conversation between sexes often fail because of men’s responses rather than women’s language?
Which model do they support?
Pamela Fishman
Dominance
Who questioned Lakoff’s theories and argued that women ask questions because these are powerful not because women are weak or insecure?
Which model do they support?
Pamela Fishman
Dominance
Who claimed that in mixed-sex conversation men speak on average for twice as long?
Which model do they support?
Pamela Fishman
Dominance
Who studied interruptions and concluded that men interrupted much more? What did they argue men were trying to do? What are some criticisms of this research?Which model do they support?
Zimmerman and West 1974
Men trying to dominate
Only studied 11 conversations
Dominance
Who criticised Zimmerman and West? What did their research find?
Which model do they support?
Geoffrey Beattie 1982
10 hours of conversation found that men and women interrupt more or less the same amount, even if men do it slightly more
Dominance
Who said that patriarchal society has structured and regulated language to reflect men’s best interests and keep them at the top?
Which model do they support?
Dale Spender 1980
Dominance
Who argued that men and women speak differently because they have been socialised differently and have different conversational goals? What are these goals? Which model do they support?
Deborah Tannen
MEN vs. WOMEN
Independence vs intimacy - not wanting to discuss vs wanting to
Advice vs understanding - men look for solutions while women look for support
Information vs feelings - for men talk is information and has a practical purpose while women talk about feelings
Orders vs proposals - men directly ask for things while women hedge
Conflict vs compromise - women are reluctant to openly oppose others
Difference
Who questioned Lakoff’s theories and argued that women ask questions because these are powerful not because women are weak or insecure?
Pamela Fishman
Who studied all-male talk in a rugby team? What did they find? What model do they support?
Koenraad Kuiper 1991
Men pay less regard to the need to save face and use insults to express solidarity
Difference
Who said that we needed to explore other reasons for language variation such as class? What model do they support?
Penelope Eckert 1990
Diversity
Who found that all-female talk is cooperative and women support each others’ rights as speakers? Which model do they support?
Jennifer Coates
Difference
