gen zoo lec (taxonomy & tissues) Flashcards
All live function are confined within one cell alone
Unicellular eukaryotes are considered one organism
Can perform all functions of live (digestion, secretion, reproduction)
Protoplasmic
See beginning of evolution for multicellular organisms
When simple cells combine to form a larger unit
Animal cells exist independently
Contain specialized cells for specific tasks
Cellular
When aggregation of similar cells are organized to form a specific function
Cell Tissue
Organs with more than one kind of tissue and are more specialized functions that tissues
Tissue Organ
Most animal phyla are grouped together
Presence of respiration digestion organs
Organ
Can divide by putting any plane in the center of the organism and it divides the body into mirrored halves
Suited for organisms who float, and roll
Found in unicellular forms
Spherical
Body is divided into similar halves by more than 2 planes passing through their longitudinal axis
Found in sponges, fishes, sea urchins
Radial
Have 2 ends of Radial Symmetry
oral surface and aboral surface
Legs are usually paired
Only 2 planes pass along the longitudinal axis can produce mirrored halves
Comb jellies, free-floating animals
Biradial
Divided along the sagittal lane producing 2 mirrored right and left halves
Better for forward movement, moving head first
Sensory organs are contained within the head region
Bilateral
concentration of nervous tissues and organs in the frontal region (head)
Cephalization
produces anterior and posterior
Transverse
produces left and right sides
Sagittal
produces dorsal and ventral
Frontal
Fertilized egg
Undergoes cleavage and turns into blastula
Zygote
Undergoes cell division until formation of blastopore (turns into gastrula
Blastula
fluid-filled cavity of the blastula
Blastocoel
Opening of the gastrocoel
Turns part of the ectoderm into the endoderm
Blastopore
cavity inside of the blastopore
Gastrocoel
Cell division continues and blastopore forms into the Gut Tube
Complete Gut
Turns into the digestive system when the animal develops
Gut tube
2 ends of the gut tube
oral and anal end
Blastopore becomes the mouth
ex: Arthropods, molluscs, annelids (AMA)
Protostomes
Has a body cavity called pseudocoelom
Ex: nematodes, roundworms
Pseudocoelomate
Blastopore becomes the anus
ex: Chordates, vertebrates, echinoderms (CVE)
Deuterostomes
determines if the animal is Pseudocoelomate, Acoelomate, or Coelomate
mesoderm
Acts as a hydrostatic skeleton.
pseudocoelom
between the endoderm and mesoderm
Allows for more complex organ development.
Higher degree of internal movement.
pseudocoelom
Lacks a body cavity, internal organs are embedded in the mesoderm
Limits organ development.
Ex: flatworms
Acoelomate
Presence of coelom
Provides space for complex development.
Ex: annelids, molluscs, humans
Coelomate
Fluid filled body cavity linked by the mesoderm
coelom
common feature of metazoans (multicellular organisms)
Serial repetition of body segments along the longitudinal axis → horizontal, pahaba ng pahaba (Ex: annelids, arthropods)
Metamerism (segmentation)
cells that undergo segmentation
Contain internal and external structures
Allows mobility and complexity of structure and function
Gives rise to vertebral column, ribs, & skeletal muscles
Metamere or Somite
Forms protective outer layer of the tissues
Lines the internal organs and cavities
Sheet of cells that covers an internal or external surface
epithelial tissue
function of epithelial tissue internally and externally
Internally → lines all organs and ducts (Secretions & Mucus and specialized hormones and enzymes)
Externally → protection and regulation
Transmits electrical signals throughout the body and coordinates response
Nervous Tissues
Supports and binds the other tissues with other subtypes
Contains few cells, many fibers, and a ground substance or matrix that suspend fibers
Connective Tissues
Responsible for movement
Muscular Tissue
flattened, allows diffusion and transportation (blood capillaries, lungs, inner lining of cheeks)
Squamosal
single layer of epithelial cells
Simple epithelium
2 or more epithelial cell layers
Vertebrates only!
Reduce mechanical abrasion & distortion
Waterproof for protection of the deeper living layers
(Oral cavity, esophagus, anal canal & skin)
Stratified epithelial tissue
finger like projections that increases the surface area
Microvilli
box-like shape, for protection, secretion, & absorption (line the kidneys, salivary-glands, and other secretory systems)
Cuboidal
taller than cuboidal, elongated nuclei, increased absorption (lining of the stomach & intestine)
Columnar
Type of stratified epithelium
For stretching - hold a lot of fluid, they can expand
(Urinary tract & bladder of vertebrates)
Transitional epithelial tissue
Most dominant type of connective tissue
Hold organs, blood vessels, & nerves in place
Extracellular matrix + elastic & collagen fibers
Loose connective tissue
Tendons (muscles to bone) & ligaments (bone to bone)
Made up of denser collagen fibers
Acts as an anchor for the moving parts
Dense connective tissue
protein that provides strength and elasticity
collagen
semi-rigid tissue of firm matrix cells (chondrocytes) with collagen and elastin
Lacks blood supply so nutrients and wastes have to diffuse through the ground substance such that it heals very slowly after damage
Cartilage
gives the ability to stretch and return to its original shape
elastin
strongest connective tissue made of calcified matrix (osteocytes) around collagen fibers
Bone
Blood vessels flow through tiny channels called canaliculi and large canals that allow for continuous repair
allow higher volume of blood and oxygen which increases the ability to heal faster
remodeling
3 Muscle Tissues
skeletal
smooth
cardiac
Long, cylindrical fibers
Voluntary muscles
Skeletal muscle
Short, branching
involuntary
Cardiac muscle
Non-striped
Involuntary
Around blood vessels, intestines, and uterus
Smooth muscle
structural and functional unit of the nervous tissue
neuron
non-nervous cells that insulate the neuron and support other nervous function
neuroglia
