Gen Microbiology Flashcards
1
Q
These microorganisms thrive at 25-45 degree C temperature
A
Mesophiles
2
Q
Psychrotophs are microorganisms that grow at temperature between ____
A
20 to 30 degree C
3
Q
TRUE or FALSE: Psychrotophs grow well at low temperature
A
TRUE
4
Q
identify the nutrition of the microorganism
Photoautotroph
energy source and carbon source
A
sunlight CO2
5
Q
identify nutrition of microorganism
Photoheterotrophs
nutrition in the form of energy source and carbon source
A
sunlight and organic compounds
6
Q
identify the nutrition of microorganism
Chemoautotrophs need ____ and ____ for growth
A
**inorganic compounds and CO2 **
7
Q
Chemoheterotrophs need ____ for growth
A
organic compounds
8
Q
Acidophiles function best at what pH?
A
below 5.5
9
Q
Neutrophiles work best at what pH?
A
pH between 5-8
10
Q
Alkaliphiles work at a pH of ____.
A
pH of above 8.5
11
Q
Give the two kinds of aerobes
A
- strict/obligate aerobe
- microaerophiles
12
Q
This aerobe needs mandatory oxygen
A
Obligate aerobe
13
Q
They are capable of growing with lower levels of O2
A
Microaerophiles
14
Q
Enumerate the kinds of anaerobes
A
- obligate anaerobe
- facultative anaerobe
- aerotolerant anaerobe
15
Q
give a characteristic
What is a facultative anaerobe?
A
Facultative anaerobe can grow with or without O2
16
Q
give a characteristic
What is an obligate anaerobe?
A
Obligate anaerobes die in the presence of O2
17
Q
This anaerobe can protect itself from reactive oxygen molecules
A
Aerotolerant anaerobe
18
Q
What are aerotolerant anaerobes?
A
These anaerobes use fermentation to produce ATP. They can also withstand reactive oxygen molecules
19
Q
He invented the first compound microscope
A
Zaccharias Janssen
20
Q
He is the first person to observe organisms using the microscope
A
Robert Hooke
21
Q
Compare Abiogenesis Theory and Biogenesis Theory
A
Abiogenesis theory states that life emerges from nonliving matter while for Biogenesis Theory, it provides that life can only come from other lifeforms
Biogenesis Theory - Life begets life
22
Q
What is the Germ Theory of Disease?
A
The theory was discovered by Louis Pasteur and it explains that diseases originated from pathogens or from disease-causing microorganisms (e.g. Staphylococcus, streptococcus)
23
Q
What was Robert Koch’s contribution?
A
He cultivated anthrax bacteria (Bacillus anthacis) and proved that bacteria plays a major role in diseases, demonstrating it by injecting pure cultures of the bacilli in mice and seeing that it caused anthrax.
Invented Koch’s Postulates
24
Q
Utilized vaccines to prevent diseases like cholera, anthrax, and wine erysipelas
A
Louis Pasteur
25
______ developed a second type of ______ vaccine, which was live-attenuated (using the virus in weakened form)
Albert Sabin, polio
26
Salvarsan, the first antimicrobial agent and a remedy for syphilis, was synthesized by _______.
Paul Ehrlich
27
_______ discovered ________ or also known as “miracle drug”
Alexander Fleming, penicillin
28
Give requirements for growth of halophiles
They need 10-15% salt
29
Microorganisms that thrive at high salt concentrations higher than those necessary for their growth.
Halotolerant
30
Kinds of eukaryotes
Fungi, algae, protozoa
31
Kinds of prokaryotes
Bacteria, archaea
32
Three domains of microorganisms
Archaea, bacteria, eukarya
33
List the five major phyla of fungi
1. Chyrtridiomata
2. Zygomycota
3. Ascomycota
4. Basidiomycota
5. Glomeromycota
34
Six major groups of algae
1. Chlorophyta (green algae)
2. Phaeophyta (brown algae)
3. Rhodophyta (red algae)
4. Pyrrophyta (dinoflagellates,fire algae)
5. Euglenophyta (euglenoids)
6. Chrysophyta (golden brown algae and diatoms)
35
5 major groups of protozoa
1. Mastigophora
2. Sarcodina
3. Ciliophora
4. Sporozoa
5. Microspora
36
A set of rules and guidelines used for naming bacteria, archaea, and other prokaryotic microorganisms
International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP)
37
Give the taxonomy order for organisms
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
38
What are the major characteristics used in taxonomy
1. Morphological
2. Biochemical
3. Ecological
4. Physiological
5. Pathogenicity
6. Genetic
7. Antigenic
39
Algaes can cause diseases via **toxins**. List the kinds of toxins
1. Saxitoxin (paralytic shellfish poisoning)
2. Brevetoxin (neurotoxic shellfish poisoning)
3. Ciguatoxin (ciguatera fish poisoning)
4. Dinophysistoxin (diarrhetic shellfish poisoning)
5. Domoic acid (amnesic shellfish poisoning)
40
____ is the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism
Metabolism
41
# identify what species
Is known as brewer's yeast
*Saccharomyces cerevisiae*
42
Causes infections in humans (candidiasis). It is a pathogenic yeast
*Candida albicans*
43
# identify what species of yeast
Used in ferementation and winemaking (beneficial microbe)
*Saccharomyces bayanus*
44
# identify what spp. of algae
Is a seaweed used to produce nori (sushi wrap)
Pyropia yezoensis
45
# identify what algae sp.
Used in preparation of food supplements
*Chlorella vulgaris*
46
# what algae sp.
Is a source of **algin**, a binding and emulsifying agent used in production of foods, cosmetics
| think of antonym sa micro, and remember peri peri
*Macrocystic pyrifera*
47
Is the most investigated microalgal species; spirulina
*Arthrospira platensis*
48
# identify sp. of protist
causes tricomoniasis
*Trichomonas vaginalis*
49
causes giardiasis
*Giardia duodenalis*
50
This protist causes malaria
*Plasmodium falciparum*
51
aids in carbon cycle by feeding on decaying plants and animals
Paramecium
52
is a facultative anaerobe, causes diarrheal illness in humans through consumption of contaminated foods of animal origin (e.g. eggs, poultry, fish, milk and dairy products, etc.)
Salmonella
53
# name two bacteria species
Are acid-tolerant and beneficial organisms used in fermentation and as probiotics
*Lactobacillus d. bulgaricus & Streptococcus thermophilus*
54
Some strains of this bacteria are pathogenic; indicator of fecal contamination or unsanitary processing
*E. coli*
55
The only Listeria sp. that is associated with human listeriosis, which is contracted through post-process recontaminatoin of final product
*Listeria monocytogenes*
56
Are unicellular, extremophiles, and have unique cell wall and cell membrane
Archaea
57
Tolerates extreme salinity
*Halobacterium salinarum*
58
Plays a role in methane production
*Methanosarcina barkeri*
59
Oxidizes sulfur to produce sulfuric acid, responsible for HSO4 concentration in aquatic environments
*Sulfolobus acidocaldarius*
60
List the 5 steps of viral replication
1. Attachment (phase attaches to surface of host cell)
2. Penetration (viral DNA enters host cell)
3. Biosynthesis (phage replicates to make phage proteins)
4. Maturation (new phage particles are made)
5. Lysis (cell lyses and newly made phages are released)
61
A technique where inoculum is added to pre-solidified agar
Streak plate technique
62
A technique where sample is pipetted first before adding the sterile agar/broth
Pour plate technique
63
A technique used for detecting low levels of microorganisms in liquid samples; uses **sterile membrane filter** with a pore size that retains the microbes
Membrane filter technique
64
This allows for the** characterization of individual microbial cells** with unique properties and functions
Single-cell isolation technique
65
A culture preservation method that is achieved by **first freezing the culture at very low temperature**
Freeze-drying/lyophilization
66
Method where specimens are **frozen along with a cryoprotective agent (glycerol) in liquid-nitrogen refrigerators**
Freezing with liquid nitrogen
67
2 types of microscope
1. Light microscope
2. Electron Microscope
68
List the kinds of light microscope and briefly describe them
1. Bright field - uses bright background, objects are darker
2. Dark field - uses darker background, objects are bright or luminous
3. UV - uses shorter wavelengths of light
4. Fluorescence - uses fluorochromes
5. Phase contrast - used for detailed examination of the internal structure
69
Microscope used to examine viruses and ultrastructure in thin sections of cells
Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
70
Microscope used to observe surface features of cells and viruses
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
71
Give the 4 methods of controlling microbial growth that use moist heat as an agent
1. Boiling
2. Pasteurization
3. Autoclaving
4. Tyndallization
72
Give the 2 methods of controlling microbial growth that use dry heat as an agent
1. Direct flame (incineration)
2. Hot air
73
Using low temperature as agent, what are the 2 methods to control microbial growth
1. Refrigeration by storage at 4 C
2. Deep freezing at 0 to -95 C
74
Give 2 methods to control microbial growth using desiccation as agent
1. Drying by sun, air, oven
2. Freeze-drying
75
Filtration uses methods such as:
**1.**
**2.**
1. Heat sensitive materials
2. filtration of air using HEPA
76
**__ and __ rays** are radiation with high energy that causes atoms to lose electrons which can result to DNA destruction. Are excellent ionizing and **sterilizing agents that penetrate deep into the object**
X-rays and gamma rays
77
Method that **uses non-ionizing radiation** to control microbial growth. Does not penetrate objects leading to **surface sterilization only**
UV radiation (absorbed readily by the DNA to cause damage)
78
Is a halogen that is used often as a **topical tincture**
Iodine
79
# identify the chemical agent to control microbial growth
Is iodine complexed with an organic compound to increase iondine's stability
Iodophor
80
# identify chemical agent
1. **____ is used on burns**
2. **____ acts as an algicide**
3. **____ disinfects skin mucous membrane**
| these are heavy metals
1. silver sulfadiazine
2. copper sulfate
3. merthiolate
81
# identify the chemical agent
This gas is **highly penetrating** and can sterilize heat-sensitive items like catheters, syringes, etc.
Ethylene oxide
82
# what chemical agent
Is used as a standard for the **effectiveness of other disinfectants**
Phenol
83
____ are phenolics used to **control microbial growth**
Cresols
84
Is a **broad-spectrum disinfectant and biocide** which kills viruses, bacteria, fungi, endospores
Formalin (37% formaldehyde)
85
# identify the chemical agent
These are used as **skin antiseptics**
| is an oxidizing agent
H2O2
86
# identify contributor
Developed a type of filtration known today as the **Chamberland filter**. Also credited for their research project leading to the invention of the **autoclave**
Charles Chamberland
87
Are microorganisms that thrive at 70 to 110 C
Hyperthermophiles
88
One difference between bacteria and eukarya, and archaea is that the former have an ____ linkage while archaea has an ____ linkage
**ester, ether**
89
The products of light-dependent reactions are (which are also needed in the calvin cycle:
**1.**
**2.**
**3.**
1. ATP
2. NADPH
3. O2
90
Involves the **fixation of carbon dioxide into organic compounds** like glucose which is catalyzed by enzyme RuBisCO
Calvin cycle
91
List the 4 methods of genetic transfer
1. Conjugation (cell-to-cell contact)
2. Transduction (transfer of bacterial genes by viruses)
3. Transformation (bacteria cells take up free DNA and use it for their own genome)
4. Protoplast Fusion (fusion of genetic material of 2 or more bacterial cells)
92
Two types of Transduction:
**1.**
**2.**
**1. Generalized transduction**
**2. Specialized transduction** (transfer of specific region of the host chromosome)
93
Is the killing, inhibition or removal of microorganisms which may cause diseases
Disinfection
94
Is the reduction of microorganisms to safe levels according to public standards
Sanitation
95
Is the prevention of infection or sepsis in living tissues using chemicals
Antisepsis
