Gen(erational language) (+ age)

Question 1

Who defined age in 3 different ways?

Answer 1

Penelope Eckert

Question 2

What are the three ways Penelope Eckert defined age?

Answer 2

Chronological, Biological, Social

Question 3

Penelope Eckert Chronological age definition:

Answer 3

How much time since birth?

Question 4

Penelope Eckert biological age definition:

Answer 4

how old dost ya body be?

Question 5

Penelope Eckert Social age definition:

Answer 5

How socially mature are you? Linked to events, eg. long time relationships, buying a house, employment.

Question 6

Who defined the 2 diff approaches to how you look at age and language?

Answer 6

Jenny Cheshire

Question 7

What does Jenny Cheshire say are the 2 diff approaches to how you look at language and age?

Answer 7

1. age specific
   a. looking at how someone’s language changes over their lifespan.
2. generation specific
   a. looking at how different generations use language.

Question 8

The Recency Illusion

Answer 8

the idea that if something is new to me then it must be new

Question 9

What’s this: this is new to me and therefore must be new

Answer 9

the recency illusion

Question 10

Slang (Broad) (5)

Answer 10

signifier of identity
primarily used by a subset of people
tendency to go out of fashion when people becomes more conscious of it.
Slang would be marked.
mostly Lexis

Question 11

What kind of -lect would slang be?

Answer 11

NOT a dialect- closer to a sociolect

Question 12

Who came up with the idea of Sociolinguistic Maturation

Answer 12

Paul Kerswell

Question 13

What is Sociolinguistic Maturation?

Answer 13

The age at which a speaker becomes far less susceptible to the influence of different varieties of language on their own usage.

Question 14

Why might Sociolinguistic Maturation happen?

Answer 14

a. Maybe because when you are a teenager you are around mostly people your own age but then this is going to change.
b. At something like university even if the same age you might mingle with more people with different regional dialects.
c. Brain develops so take in less language.
d. Humour might change so you might use certain slang terms because its funny but not any more.
e. If you hang out with older people then you might become more aware that you could be judged/not taken seriously for using them and so you might need to ‘prove yourself’.

Question 15

Who came up with the “Life Cycle of Slang”?

Answer 15

Julie Coleman

Question 16

What is the Life Cycle of Slang?

Answer 16

Innovative use by a subculture
Popularised
Use by teens and peeps in 20s
Used by celebs
Used by marketing agencies (it’s likely dead by now)

Question 17

Slang vs Coolness

Answer 17

If it’s going to be cool, it cant be used in the mainstream. If it doesn’t have to be cool but rather just language, it’s fine and it might not die.

Question 18

When was the term “slang” first used?

Answer 18

late 1700s

Question 19

What was the original definition (no clue if actual definition or just meaning but just go with it) of slang?

Answer 19

“the special vocabulary used by any set of persons of a low or disreputable character; language of a low and vulgar type.”

Question 20

Who compares slangs life to the lifecycle of a frog (spawning / fertilising / growing in right habitat)

Answer 20

Julie Coleman

Question 21

What is the “right habitat” for slang to grow? (7)

Answer 21

1. A standard, official form of a language exists
2. A hierarchy
3. A threat to individuality or self expression
4. A sense of group identity at bottom of hierarchy
5. Awareness that conditions could be better (2)
6. Frictions that can only be expressed verbally
7. Some toleration of slang from those in authority. (2)

Question 22

What is the “right habitat” for slang to grow? (7)
5. Awareness that conditions could be better (2)

Answer 22

a. Gotta feel cross.
b. Things in society have to change

Question 23

What is the “right habitat” for slang to grow? (7)
7. Some toleration of slang from those in authority. (2)

Answer 23

a. I think that it means that if in total dictatorship that controls language it would not evolve but im not 100,000% sure that that’s actually true.
b. Might be true for slang in how we think about it (slang not other code)

Question 24

Who initiated and co-directed three online corpora of adolescent language?

Answer 24

Anna-Brita Stenstrom

Question 25

What did Anna-Brita Stenstrom do?

Answer 25

1. She initiated and co-directed three online corpora of adolescent language

Question 26

How did Anna-Brita Stenstrom define ‘teen talk’?

Answer 26

a. Irregular turn taking
b. Overlaps
c. Indistinct articulation
d. Word shortening
e. Teasing/name calling
f. Slang
g. Taboo
h. Verbal duelling
i. Code switching

Question 27

What is verbal duelling?

Answer 27

i. Competing against each other with language. (so like trying to outdo each other)

Question 28

What did Unni Berland do? (3)

Answer 28

1. London teenage talk.
2. Investigated class as a factor.
3. Focused on tag questions.

Question 29

Who looked into this?
1. London teenage talk.
2. Investigated class as a factor.
3. Focused on tag questions.

Answer 29

Unni Berland

Question 30

What did Unni Berland find?

Answer 30

4. Found that gender had no impact on tag questions.
5. But class did: (2)

Question 31

What did Unni Berland find?
Class does have an impact on the tag questions that you use.

Answer 31

a. Working class: innit
b. Middle class: yeah

Question 32

Who looked at ‘like’ as a filler/discourse marker?

Answer 32

Christopher V Odato

Question 33

What did Christopher V Odato do?

Answer 33

1. Looked at ‘like’ as a filler/discourse marker

Question 34

When did Christopher V Odato find that children used the filler/discourse marker “like”?

Answer 34

as early as 4

Question 35

What where the stages that Christopher V Odato found children began to use like?

Answer 35

a. Mainly at the beginning of the clause
i. Eg. “like you won easily”
b. Greater number of positions. Experimenting a bit more.
c. Frequently in other positions, before a prepositional phrase
i. eg “look how yours landed like right on the target”

Question 36

What did Christopher V Odato find gender wise?

Answer 36

that girls were more flexible with its use and tended to get there sooner than boys.

Question 37

Which features does Dan Clayton say that journalists claim to make up the denigration of English.

Answer 37

1. Uptalk
2. Slang
3. New words
4. Americanisms
5. Non-standard English
6. Ghetto grammar

Question 38

Can you give me a fun fact about the features Dan Clayton found that journalists claimed to make up the denigration of English?

Answer 38

By some manner of remarkable coincidence they can also all be used to describe youthspeak

Question 39

David Chrystal quote:

Answer 39

1. “we are rearing a generation of kids who are more equitable and more understanding about the existence of language variety and why it’s there” (3)

Question 40

David Chrystal quote:
1. “we are rearing a generation of kids who are more equitable and more understanding about the existence of language variety and why it’s there” (3)

Answer 40

a. To be so creative about language you have to understand language to know how to deviate.
b. People reading texts are literally practicing their reading and writing.
c. People texting need t concentrate on words and sounds.

Question 41

Who said this: “we are rearing a generation of kids who are more equitable and more understanding about the existence of language variety and why it’s there”

Answer 41

David Chrystal

Question 42

What stat did David Chrystal find about txtspeak?

Answer 42

“txt speak” accounts for barely 10% of the contents of messages exchanged