Gen Chem Flashcards
Standard atmospheric pressure is?
760mmHg, 1 atm
What is pulse pressure?
Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure = pulse pressure
Pressure differentials equation
ΔP = CO x TPR
CO is cardiac output
TPR is total peripheral resistance.
How do you calculate half-life decay?
(1/2)^x = how much sample will be left over.
Intermolecular bonding
between compounds/molecules
Intramolecular bonding
within a compound/molecules
Octahedral compounds have how many σ (sigma) bonds?
six, hybridization of d^2 sp^3
Trigonal bipyramidal has how many bonds?
5 bonds, d sp^3
Tetrahedral has how many bonds?
4 bonds, sp^3
Trigonal planar has how many bonds?
3 bonds, sp^2
Linear has how many bonds?
2 bonds, sp
Ideal gas
PV=nRT
- is composed of particles that have negligible volume and do not exert intermolecular forces.
STP conditions
273K, 1 atm
List Strong Acids
HCl Hydrochloric Acid HNO3 Nitric Acid HI Hydroiodic acid HClO4 Perchloric Acid HClO3 Chloric Acid
List Weak Acids
H2S03 Sulfurous Acid HCO2H Methanoic Acid H3PO4 Phosphoric Acid HNO2 Nitrous Acid HF Hydrofluoric Acid
Strong bases
Have OH, metal hydroxide
Weak bases
contain nitrogen NH3, NH4+
When something is oxidized:
a molecule loses an electron or increases its oxidation state
When something is reduced:
a molecule gains electrons
In electrochemistry, when does the reaction occur spontaneously? (E˚cell)
When E˚ cell is greater than zero, positive
In electrochemical cells oxidation occurs at the ___?
Anode
In electrochemical cells reduction occurs at the ___?
Cathode
Define MRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
The human body is mostly water. Water molecules (H2O) contain hydrogen nuclei (protons), which become aligned in a magnetic field. An MRI scanner applies a very strong magnetic field (about 0.2 to 3 teslas, or roughly a thousand times the strength of a typical fridge magnet), which aligns the proton “spins.”
The scanner also produces a radio frequency current that creates a varying magnetic field. The protons absorb the energy from the magnetic field and flip their spins. When the field is turned off, the protons gradually return to their normal spin, a process called precession. The return process produces a radio signal that can be measured by receivers in the scanner and made into an image. White is water and dark is air.
it can help doctors to see inside joints, cartilage, ligaments, muscles and tendons, which makes it helpful for detecting various sports injuries.
Define CT scan
Computed Tomography refers to a computerized x-ray imaging procedure in which a narrow beam of x-rays is aimed at a patient and quickly rotated around the body, producing signals that are processed by the machine’s computer to generate cross-sectional images—or “slices”—of the body. These slices are called tomographic images and contain more detailed information than conventional x-rays. Once a number of successive slices are collected by the machine’s computer, they can be digitally “stacked” together to form a three-dimensional image of the patient that allows for easier identification and location of basic structures as well as possible tumors or abnormalities.
How is ΔG related to Q?
ΔG = -ΔG˚ + RTlnQ = -nFEcell
How is ΔG˚ related to Keq?
ΔG˚ = -RTlnKeq
What type of product is made given these observations?:
forms the fastest
reaction is irreversible
Kinetic product:
forms the fastest
reaction is irreversible
What type of product is made given these observations?:
form at higher temperatures
reaction is reversible
Thermodynamic product:
form at higher temperatures
reaction is reversible
The researchers mixed liposomes of different sizes and observed that those formed from Compound 1 were stable to mixing, but mixing those from Compound 2 formed new liposomes. What does the behavior of liposomes prepared from compounds 1 and 2 upon mixing indicate about the energetics of their transformations? Liposomes prepared from:
Compound 1 are under kinetic control, but those prepared from Compound 2 are under thermodynamic control.
Aromatic rings have what properties?
Delocalization of electrons and stability
What ratio describe catalytic efficiency?
kcat/kM
Which ideal solution exhibits the greatest osmotic pressure?
- 1 M MgCl2
- 2 M NaCl
- 2 M CaCl2
- 5 M Glucose
0.2M CaCl2 because the more solute particles (literally # of elements/ions * the concentration) gives the greatest osmotic pressure.
- 1 M MgCl2 -> 0.1x3= 0.3M
- 2 M NaCl -> 0.2x2 = 0.4M
- 2 M CaCl2 -> 0.2x3= 0.6M
- 5 M Glucose
