Gen Chem Flashcards
Almost all oxidizing agents contain ______ or another strongly _________ element such as a ________
Oxygen; electronegative; halogen
Reducing agents often contain ______ ions or _____
Metal; hydrides (H-)
What are some common oxidizing agents?
O2 H2O2 Halogens (F2,Cl2, etc) H2SO4 HNO3 KMnO4 common in organic chem CrO3, NaCr2O7 common in organic chem PCC NAD+, FAD+ common in biochem
What are some examples of common reducing agents?
CO C B2H6 NaBH4 LiAlH4 Hydrazine Pure metals Zn(Hg) NADH, FADH2
Define atomic mass
Equal to the mass number, the sum of an elements protons and neutrons
Isotopes have the same number of __________ but differ in the number of __________
Protons, but differ in the number of neutrons
The quantum mechanical model posits what?
The quantum mechanical model posits that electrons do not travel in defined orbits but rather are localized in orbitals
What is the Heisenberg uncertainty principle?
States that it is impossible to know both an electrons position and its momentum exactly at the same time
What are the four quantum numbers and what do they describe in general
Principal quantum number (n)
Azimuthal quantum number (l)
Magnetic quantum number(ml)
Spin quantum number (ms)
These numbers completely describe any electron in an atom
What does the principal quantum number (n) describe?
The average energy of a shell
What does the azimuthal quantum number (l), describe?
Subshells within a given principal energy level (s,p,d, and f)
For any principal quantum number n, there will be n possible values for l, ranging from _______ to ______
0 to (n-1)
When l = 0 the sub shell is called ________
When l = 1 the sub shell is called ________
When l = 2 the sub shell is called ________
When l = 3 the subshell is called ________
s
p
d
f
The maximum number of electrons within a subshell = ___________
4l + 2
T/F: 4s subshell has a lower energy than the 3d subshell
True
For any value of l, there will be __________ possible values for ml
2l + 1
For any value of n, there will be a maximum of 2n squared electrons ________
Two per orbital
What are the two possible values for ms (a quantum number telling spin)
+1/2 and -1/2
Whenever two electrons are in the same orbital, they must have ______
Opposite spins
n+1 rule can be used to rank subshells by increasing energy. What does this rule state?
That the lower the sum of the values of the first and second quantum numbers , n + l, the lower the energy of the subshell
If two subshells possess the same n+l value, the subshell with the lower ______ value has lower energy and will fill with electrons ______
n value ; first
What does hunts rule state?
Within a given subshell, orbitals are filled such that there are maximum amount of half filled orbitals with parallel spins before pairing up.
Paramagnetic means what?
That a magnetic field will cause parallel spins in unpaired electrons and therefore cause an attraction
What are valence electrons?
Electrons in the valence shell that are the farthest from the nucleus and have the greatest amount of potential energy