Gen Chem Flashcards
pure substance
cannot be
further broken down or purified by physical means
mixtures
are combinations of two or more pure substances
in which each substance retains its own composition and properties.
homogeneous mixture
is a type of mixture that has uniform composition and properties. the components cannot be distinguished from each other.
Homogeneous mixtures are also called
solutions
heterogeneous mixture
mixture has components distinguishable from one another,
solvent
able to dissolve other substances ex. water, ethanol
solute
substance that is dissolved in a solvent ex. salt, sugar
Types of Solutions
solid, liquid, and gaseous solutions.
Liquid solutions
are solutions wherein the solvent is in the liquid phase.
Solid solutions
are solutions wherein the solvent is in the solid phase.
Gaseous solutions
are solutions wherein the solvent is in the gaseous phase. air, oxygen, carbon dioxide
suspension
is a type of heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles do not
dissolve, ex. sand in water, bread crumbs in oil
colloid
is a heterogeneous mixture in which a microscopically dispersed substance, ex. milk, mayo, butter
Gaseous colloids
are colloids having the dispersing medium in the gaseous phase. ex.beaten egg white, shaving cream, Whipped cream are examples of the form, fog and clouds liquid and gas.
liquid colloids
are colloids having the dispersing medium in the liquid phase.
example liquid sol
ex. ink
solid colloids
are colloids having the dispersing medium in the solid phase. ex. Solid aerosol smoke, dust in air,
Styrofoam gas is suspended in a solid polymer matrix of
polystyrene
Evaporation
Evaporation is the phase transition of matter from liquid to vapor. ex. saltwater to salt
Recrystallization
procedure for purifying compounds
Distillation
is a separation technique that is applied for homogeneous liquid-liquid
mixtures. ex. Alcoholic beverages are made through distillation
chromatography
a process in which a chemical mixture carried by a liquid or gas is separated into components as a result of differential distribution of the solutes as they flow around or over a stationary liquid or solid phase. ex. Creating vaccinations, food/beverage testing, drug/forensic testing, resin
Manual picking
using your hands or
tongs can be done in separating the components
sieving
takes advantage of
the difference in particle size of solids
ex. sifting a cup of flour
Filtration
is a process of separating solids from liquids by
allowing the mixture to pass through a filtering material
Sedimentation
is the process in which suspended solids will eventually
separate from liquids by gravity. ex. mixture of sand and water, sand settles down at the bottom
Decantation
is the removal of the liquid component from the solid
sediment. ex. mixture of water and oil is present in a beaker
Centrifugation
is a process in which the suspension is rotated at very high speeds ex. extraction of fat from milk
What are some important applications of mixture
separations in commercial products?
petroleum industry
water filtration system
blood sample after centrifugation
medicine tablets must first be purified before mixing
with other components to form a solid homogeneous mixture.
Particles Composing Matter
atom
molecule
ion
states of matter
solid, liquid, gas
Physical properties
are the things that can be easily observed in a object for example its color and size
Extensive properties
do depend on sample size
Intensive properties
do not depend on the quantity of matter
