GEG140

Question 1

What is primary data

Answer 1

Data we collect ourselves

Question 2

What is secondary data

Answer 2

Data from other sources

Question 3

What is the risk of using social media to collect data

Answer 3

Possible miss information

Question 4

List ways sources of information and the ways they are reviewed

Answer 4

Scientists - peer reviewed papers

Wikipedia - peer edited, but open to all

News - which sources? Political agenda? Written & Tv

Social media - algorithms designed to generate reactions

Question 5

What should we think about when using existing secondary data

Answer 5

Current / out of date?

Robust methods

Limitations noted?

Question 6

What should we think about when using are own data

Answer 6

Be aware of the limitations if we see and collect ourselves

User errors - variation between different surveyors and even the same person taking multiple measurements

Instrument error - some have internal limitations

Environment factors - temperature (moblie phone gets too hot), humidity or moisture

Question 7

Explain what accuracy and precision means

Answer 7

Accuracy is how close you are to the target the better accuracy the close u are

Precision is the consistency between measurements and shots

Question 8

Give examples of Qualitative data

Answer 8

Survey responses

Interviews

Observations

Question 9

What are the risks that come with Qualitative data

Answer 9

Humans are not always logical and predictable

Opinions and moods change

Can be influenced by leading questions

Question 10

List the types of software and algorithms, that can be used as data sources

Answer 10

Automatic plant recognition
Camera traps - designed vast quantities of data to build a library and determine the typical appearance of a plant species or animal and classify an image accordingly ( accuracy? Transferability)

Often try to represent complex systems - models simplify reality, difficult to represent full complexity of natural systems (climate models, agent based modelling)

Artificial intelligence - algorithms can struggle in some situations

Question 11

What is citizen science

Answer 11

Public volunteers - often with a personal interest, non expert, enthusiastic, personal judgement

(Also known as crowdsourcing projects)

Question 12

Give an example of citizen science

Answer 12

Dynamic dunescape (mobile app)

Maybe discrepancies of opinion - reach consensus

Need standardisation - informs judgement of citizen scientists

Question 13

What are the advantages to citizen science

Answer 13

Large number of samples

Increase public awareness of issues and/or science

Public engagement and education

Question 14

What are the disadvantages of citizen science

Answer 14

Possible (variable) data inaccuracies, e.g. over-enthusiastic identification of tree disease, incorrect species classification

Uneven sampling distribution

Question 15

What are the uses of topographic data

Answer 15

Mapping out river valleys and sea level rise

Proximity to residential or developed areas
Plan mitigation of risks
Inform planning and development permissions

Question 16

What is a laser finder

Answer 16

A laser finder emits a laser pulse towards the target and detects the energy reflected back to the sensor, can only calculate one way

Question 17

How does photogrammetry work

Answer 17

It works by using many highly overlapping images and matching the same features in multiple images

Question 18

How do satellites calculate the orthometric height

Answer 18

Orthometric height = ellipsoidal height from gps - geoid height

Question 19

How likely will we achieve a 1.5 increase

Answer 19

“Only concrete steps by 2030 will close the growing gap between ambition for 1.5c and real-world delivery. This is a crucial 12 months”

There is “ no credible pathway to 1.5c in place” UNEP, 2022

Question 20

What emissions make up 78% of all emissions

Answer 20

G20

Question 21

what are the estimated sea level rise mm/yr

Answer 21

3.5mm 2025

8.0mm 2026 - 2055

11.5mm 2056 - 2085

14.5mm <2086

Question 22

what is the Bristol tidal range

Answer 22

12 -14 m

Question 23

what are the strategies to tackle sea level rise

Answer 23

There are two major strategies proposed to address the
effects of sea-level rise:
1) Mitigation, a strategy by which steps are taken to stop or
slow sea-level rise;
2) Adaptation involves seeking out ways to adjust to sea level rise if it seems unavoidable.
Do you believe that mitigation or adaptation is a more
feasible strategy for Swansea Bay? Why?

Question 24

What do we need to consider when
thinking about sea level / designing sea
defences?

Answer 24

• Sea level changes
• Tides
• Swell and surf
• Local topographic changes
• Storm surges

Question 25

What policies are in Shoreline
Management Plans?

Answer 25

• Hold the line
• Advance the line
• Managed realignment (management to control / limit
  movement)
• No active intervention (no investment in coastal defences,
  natural processes create evolving coastline)