GEG140 Flashcards
What is primary data
Data we collect ourselves
What is secondary data
Data from other sources
What is the risk of using social media to collect data
Possible miss information
List ways sources of information and the ways they are reviewed
Scientists - peer reviewed papers
Wikipedia - peer edited, but open to all
News - which sources? Political agenda? Written & Tv
Social media - algorithms designed to generate reactions
What should we think about when using existing secondary data
Current / out of date?
Robust methods
Limitations noted?
What should we think about when using are own data
Be aware of the limitations if we see and collect ourselves
User errors - variation between different surveyors and even the same person taking multiple measurements
Instrument error - some have internal limitations
Environment factors - temperature (moblie phone gets too hot), humidity or moisture
Explain what accuracy and precision means
Accuracy is how close you are to the target the better accuracy the close u are
Precision is the consistency between measurements and shots
Give examples of Qualitative data
Survey responses
Interviews
Observations
What are the risks that come with Qualitative data
Humans are not always logical and predictable
Opinions and moods change
Can be influenced by leading questions
List the types of software and algorithms, that can be used as data sources
Automatic plant recognition
Camera traps - designed vast quantities of data to build a library and determine the typical appearance of a plant species or animal and classify an image accordingly ( accuracy? Transferability)
Often try to represent complex systems - models simplify reality, difficult to represent full complexity of natural systems (climate models, agent based modelling)
Artificial intelligence - algorithms can struggle in some situations
What is citizen science
Public volunteers - often with a personal interest, non expert, enthusiastic, personal judgement
(Also known as crowdsourcing projects)
Give an example of citizen science
Dynamic dunescape (mobile app)
Maybe discrepancies of opinion - reach consensus
Need standardisation - informs judgement of citizen scientists
What are the advantages to citizen science
Large number of samples
Increase public awareness of issues and/or science
Public engagement and education
What are the disadvantages of citizen science
Possible (variable) data inaccuracies, e.g. over-enthusiastic identification of tree disease, incorrect species classification
Uneven sampling distribution
What are the uses of topographic data
Mapping out river valleys and sea level rise
Proximity to residential or developed areas
Plan mitigation of risks
Inform planning and development permissions
What is a laser finder
A laser finder emits a laser pulse towards the target and detects the energy reflected back to the sensor, can only calculate one way
How does photogrammetry work
It works by using many highly overlapping images and matching the same features in multiple images
How do satellites calculate the orthometric height
Orthometric height = ellipsoidal height from gps - geoid height
How likely will we achieve a 1.5 increase
“Only concrete steps by 2030 will close the growing gap between ambition for 1.5c and real-world delivery. This is a crucial 12 months”
There is “ no credible pathway to 1.5c in place” UNEP, 2022
What emissions make up 78% of all emissions
G20
what are the estimated sea level rise mm/yr
3.5mm 2025
8.0mm 2026 - 2055
11.5mm 2056 - 2085
14.5mm <2086
what is the Bristol tidal range
12 -14 m
what are the strategies to tackle sea level rise
There are two major strategies proposed to address the
effects of sea-level rise:
1) Mitigation, a strategy by which steps are taken to stop or
slow sea-level rise;
2) Adaptation involves seeking out ways to adjust to sea level rise if it seems unavoidable.
Do you believe that mitigation or adaptation is a more
feasible strategy for Swansea Bay? Why?
What do we need to consider when
thinking about sea level / designing sea
defences?
- Sea level changes
- Tides
- Swell and surf
- Local topographic changes
- Storm surges
