GEE PRELIMS PART 1 Flashcards
2 principal catalysts of information age
- low cost computers
- high speed communication networks
performs arithmetic operations by sliding counters along with rods, wires, or lines
ABACUS
Handy calculation aids but only for numbers under 20
fingers and toes
Tables used for quick calculations, like logarithms (e.g., 17th century logarithms for multiplication, income tax tables today)
MATHEMATICAL TABLES
Machines built to automate calculations (17th-19th century)
MECHANICAL CALCULATORS
A device capable of adding up to six-digit whole numbers
CALCULATOR
Who built pascal’s calculator
Blaise pascal
The year pascal’s calculator was built
1640
handcrafted machine that can add, subtract, multiply, and divide whole numbers
STEP RECKONER
Who made the Step reckoner
Gottfried leibniz
the first commercially successful calculator
Arithmometer
who made the arithmometer
Charles Thomas de Colmar
the world’s first printing calculator
Scheutz difference engine
who made the world’s first printing calculator
Georg and Edvard Scheutz
who invented the practical adding machine
William Burrough
Market for calculators
Social Change
A machine designed to manage sales transactions and prevent fraud
Cash register
Who designed the first adding machine with printed receipts and a bell feature for sales tracking
James and John Ritty
A significant development in cash register technology for merchants in 1904.
The national cash register
A method for summarizing information using punched cards.
Punched card tabulation
Who invented the punched card tabulation
Herman Hollerith
First operational, fully electronic computer with stored programs and data.
Manchester baby
world’s first commercial computer in 1951
FerrantiMark1
Predicted winner of 1952 Pres. Election
UNIVAC
Dominated mainframe market by mid-1960s
IBM
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE:
Symbolic representations of machine instructions
Assembly language
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE:
First higher-level language designed for SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS
FORTRAN
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE:
Designed for BUSINESS applications
COBOL
Allowed multiple users to divide computer time and connect to a computer via terminals
Time-Sharing Systems
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE:
Developed at Dartmouth, easy to learn, popularly used for teaching.
BASIC
Replacement for vacuum tube
TRANSISTORS
These are Invented at Bell Labs (1948)
TRANSISTOR
Faster, cheaper, more reliable, more energy-efficient
SEMI CONDUCTOR
Semiconductor containing transistors, capacitors, and resistors
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
A series of 19 computers that could run the same programs, making upgrades easier without rewriting programs
IBM system/360
A computer in a single chip, invented in 1970 by Intel, which made personal computers practical
Microprocessor
A popular early personal computer in 1975.
ALTAIR 8800
Developments draw businesses to personal computers
APPLE II
Launched by IBM, bringing businesses to personal computers
IBM PC
the foundation for all subsequent inventions in telecommunications and networking.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
machine used to transmit messages in the form of electrical impulses that can be converted into data
TELEGRAPH
Who invented telephones
Alexander graham bell
Typewriter was modified to print a message transmitted over a telegraph line
TELETYPE
a wireless communication technology for transmitting audio signals
RADIO
Who invented television
Philo Famsworth
Data transmission over long distances.
Remote computing
The first wide-area packet-switching network in 1969, it implemented the TCP/IP protocol and laid the foundation for the modern internet
ARPANET
Enables users to send and receive messages in 1972
Who developed email
Ray tomlinson
network of networks communicating using TCP/IP
INTERNET
High-speed Internet connection
BROADBAND
First English-language of it appeared in Great Britain in the 1600s, marking the beginning of print journalism
NEWSPAPER
refers to a linked network of information nodes, allowing readers to navigate non-linearly through content
HYPERTEXT
Who created the NLS (oNLine System), which introduced practical hypertext links, the mouse, etc, laying the foundation for modern computing concepts
Douglas Engelbart
The first computer to integrate a bitmapped display, keyboard, and mouse in 1970.
XEROX ALTO
The first commercial computer with a GUI in 1983, but failed due to high cost and slow processor
APPLE LISA
Released as a faster computer with a GUI in 1984, which became commercially successful
APPLE MACINTOSH
Released for IBM PCs in 1990, marking significant progress in the GUI’s adoption.
MICROSOFT WINDOWS 3
developed by Tim Berners-Lee on the NeXT Computer in 1990.
WORLD WIDE WEB
The first widely used Web browser
MOSAIC
A program that searches a database and returns documents matching user-provided keywords.
SEARCH ENGINES
