GE ELECT Flashcards
College graduates in the workforce were asked to rank the skills most essential to their career development. What was at the top of their list?
Oral communication
In speaking, you would take your listener systematically, step by step. You would organize your message
• Organizing your thoughts logically
we adjust our technique according to our audience
• Tailoring your message to your audience
you carefully build up your story, adjusting your words and tone of voice to get the best effect
• Telling a story for a maximum impact
Whenever you talk with someone, you are aware of that person’s verbal, facial and physical reactions
• Adapting to listener feedback
It usually imposes strict time limitations on the speaker. In most cases, the situation does not allow listeners to interrupt with questions or commentary.
• Public speaking is more highly structured.
Slang, jargon, and bad grammar have little place in public speeches.
• Public speaking requires more formal language
(“uh” , “er” , “um”).
vocalized pauses
adjust their voices to be heard clearly throughout the audience. They assume a more erect posture.
Effective public speakers
• the anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience
Stage Fright
• a zesty, enthusiastic, lively feeling with a slight edge to it
• controlled nervousness that helps a speaker for her or his presentation.
Positive Nervousness
6 Ways to Turn Nervousness from a Negative Force into a Positive One
- Acquire Speaking Experience
- Prepare, Prepare, Prepare
- Think positively
- Use the Power of Visualization.
- Know that most nervousness is not visible
- Do not Expect Perfection
mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation
Visualization
focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion.
Critical thinking
The Speech Communication Process
• Speaker
• Message
• Channel
• Listener
• Feedback
• Interference
• Situation
Speech communication begins with
• Speaker
It is whatever a speaker communicates to someone else.
• Message
It is the means by which a message is communicated.
• Channel
the person who receives the communicated message from the speaker.
• Listener
the sum of a person’s knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes.
Frame of reference
the message, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker.
Feedback
It is anything that impedes the communication of a message.
• Interference
2 types of interference
Internal interference
External interference
It is the time and place in which speech communication occurs.
• Situation
the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs
• Ethics
sound ethical decisions involve weighing potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines
• Ethical decision
Guidelines of Ethical Speaking
• Make sure your goals are ethically sound
• Be fully prepared for each speech
• Be honest in what you say
• Avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language
• Put ethical principles into practice
It is the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups.
Name-calling
comes from plagiarius, the Latin word for kidnapper.
Plagiarism
• Kinds of Plagiarism
Global Plagiarism
Patchwork Plagiarism
Incremental Plagiarism
Guidelines for Ethical Listening
• Be courteous and attentive
• Avoid prejudging the speaker
• Maintain the free and open expression of ideas
Different types of Listening
Appreciative Listening
Empathic Listening
Comprehensive Listening
Critical Listening
for pleasure or enjoyment, as we listen to music, to a comedy routine, or to an entertaining speech.
Appreciative Listening
to provide emotional support for the speaker, as when a psychiatrist listens to a patient or when we lend a sympathetic ear to a friend in distress.
Empathic Listening
to understand the message of a speaker, as when we attend a classroom lecture or listen to directions for finding a friend’s house
Comprehensive Listening
to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it, as when we listen to the sales pitch of a used-car dealer or the campaign speech of a political candidate.
Critical Listening
Four Causes of Poor Listening
Not Concentrating
Listening too hard
Jumping to Conclusions
Focusing on delivery and personal appearance
How to become a good listener
Be an active listener
Resist distractions
Do not be diverted by appearance and delivery
Suspend judgement
Focus your listening
Develop note-taking skills
Skilled listeners do not try to absorb a speaker’s every word. Rather, they focus on specific things in a speech.
Listen for Main Points
Listen for Evidence
Listen for Techniques
an outline that briefly notes a speaker’s main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form.
key-word outline
a method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas
• Brainstorming
• Methods of brainstorming
Personal Inventory
Clustering
Reference Search
Internet Search
the broad goal of a speech
general purpose
Determining the General Purpose
• To Inform
• To persuade
a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his/her speech
• Specific purpose
a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech.
central idea
what a speaker wants the audience о to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech
o Residual message
keeping the audience foremost in mind every step of speech preparation and presentation.
• Audience-centeredness
a process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experience.
• Identification
the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being.
• Egocentrism
creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike
• Stereotyping
looking at demographic traits such as age; gender; sexual orientation; religion; group membership; racial, ethnic, or cultural background; and the like.
demographic audience analysis
identifying the general demographic analysis. features of your audience,
gauging the importance of those features to a particular speaking situation.
demographic audience analysis.
demographic traits
• Age
• Gender
• Sexual Orientation
• Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Background
• Religion
• situational factors
• Size
• Physical Setting
• Disposition toward the Topic
• Interest
• Knowledge
• Attitude
• Disposition toward the speaker
• 3 major types of questions
o Fixed – alternative questions
o Scale questions
o Open – ended questions
major characteristics of audience
o Audience adaptation before the speech
o Audience adaptation during the speech
