GD Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Endo diagnosis are made possible by
A
The scientific method.
Observe, hypothesize, analyze
2
Q
Most pulpal disease is of ________ origin
A
Inflammatory
3
Q
The 5 Cardinal Signs of Inflammation are:
A
- Redness
- Swelling
- Heat
- Pain
- Loss of Function
“Romeo Swore He Paid Laertes”
4
Q
What is endodontics?
A
Prevention and treatment of apical periodontitis. (inflammation that’s close to the tooth at the root)
5
Q
What is a diagnosis?
A
The act or process of identifying the cause of a disease/injury through evaluation of PATIENT HX, EXAMINATION, SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS, and sometimes review of lab data
6
Q
T or F. Treatment always comes before Diagnosis
A
False. Diagnosis is always before treatment.
7
Q
The 3 Risks associated with Treatment without a Diagnosis
A
- Risks FAILURE to resolve the problem
- Risks LOSS of patient confidence
- Risks subsequent LITIGATION
8
Q
What are the 5 Classical Examination Modalities
A
- Inspection (visual, tactile, radiographic)
- Palpation (tooth, soft tissues)
- Percussion (tooth)
- Auscultation (ankylosis)
- Stimulation
9
Q
What is the purpose of a physical examination?
A
- Provide objective evidence to confirm or refute a provisional diagnosis based on a patient’s chief complaint or a clinical impression.
- Differentiate between types of pulpal, periodontal and other diseases that may present similar symptoms and clinical signs
10
Q
What is the outline of a physical exam?
A
- Reproduce the patient’s chief complaint
- Localize the source of diffuse or referred pain of (usually) dental origin
- Identify a plausible ETIOLOGY
- Assess the extent of pulpal injury
- Arrive at a tentative diagnosis
11
Q
What does etiology mean?
A
The cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition
12
Q
Which of the following are reasons why Dental Photography is important
a. improve record documentation
b. Improve treatment planning
c. Improve quality of xray
d. Used as a diagnostic aid
e. Improve patient’s self confidence
f. Track changes
g. Patient Education
A
a. improve record documentation
b. improve treatment planning
c. use as diagnostic aid
d. track changes
e. patient education
13
Q
What components are necessary in an extraoral composite photo
A
- frontal
- smile
- profile
14
Q
What components are necessary in an intra-oral composite photo
A
- buccal center
- buccal right
- buccal left
- occlusal upper
- occlusal lower
15
Q
What is the working distance for an extraoral composite photo?
A
Working distance is about 60-80 inches (about 5 ft)
16
Q
What is the working distance for an intraoral composite photo?
A
10-15 inches for all teeth to be the same size
17
Q
True or False: Intraoral photos should only include teeth, hard tissue, and soft tissues
A
False. teeth and soft tissue only
18
Q
Failure to retract anterior teeth correctly in an intraoral photo leads to _______
A
Leads to collapse of lips and buccal mucosa
19
Q
What are common mistakes when taking a frontal facial photo?
A
- Patients head is tilted
- Too much cropping
20
Q
True or false? Only one ear needs to be visible in the composite photo
A
False. Both ears should be visible.
21
Q
What is maximum intercuspation?
A
- Seat patient upright in dental chair
- Occlusal plane should be parallel to the floor and centered in the frame.
- Patient should be biting in MI
COMMON MISTAKE:
Patient will push the retractors against their cheeks instead of pulling the cheeks outward and anterior to reveal the vestibule.
22
Q
What should be the focus on for lateral left and right photos?
A
Aim focus at the premolar
-midline larger cheek retractor should have slack while gently pulling anteriorly
-Include first molar and canine relationships
23
Q
True or false: For maxillary and mandibular occlusal photos the patient must be in dental chair upright
A
False. For occlusal maxillary and mandibular photos the patient should be reclined in dental chair.
24
Q
Match the photo with its correct description
- Mandibular photo
- Maxillary photo
a. retractors angles upward and backward forming a smiling face
b. retractors angled downward and backward forming a frowning face
A
- Maxillary photo: retractors angled upward and backward forming a smiling face.
- Mandibular photo: retractors angled downward and backward forming a frowning face.
25
Match the arch photo with its shape
1. Maxillary arch
2. Mandibular arch
a. Upside down U shape
b. Upright U shape
Maxillary arch --> upside down U shape
Mandibular arch --> Upright U shape
26
List the 5 classifications of dental materials
1. Procedures or applications
2. Location
3. Longevity
4. General classes of biomaterials
27
What are the classes of biomaterials in dental materials?
1. metals
2. ceramics
3. composites
4. polymers
28
List the properties of metal materials
1. good thermal conductor
2. Materials are hard
3. crystalline structure
4. exhibit elastic and plastic behavior
5. higher in density
6. good fracture resistance
29
Dental composites are an example of _______ bonds
covalent bonds
30
Dental stones and phosphate cements are an example of _______ bonds
ionic
31
What are 2 solids in dental materials that exhibit crystalline solid structures
1. zirconia
2. metals
32
List examples of amorphous/noncrystalline dental materials
1. polymers
2. composites
33
Dental materials
What is the equation for stress?
Stress=Force/Area
Small area with x amount of force= high stress
Large area with x amount of force=low stress
34
What are the 3 types of application of dental biomaterials with a description of each?
1. Auxiliary (material that is used in the construction of dental prosthesis but does not become a part of the structure itself)
2. Preventive (dental material that either seals pits and fissures or releases a therapeutic agent such as fluoride to prevent or arrest demineralization of tooth structure)
3. Restorative (materials consist of synthetic components that can be used to repair or replace tooth structures. Can be direct, indirect, temporary, or definitive)
35
List the properties of ceramic materials
1. Hard, low in toughness compared to metals
2. poor thermal and electrical conductors
3. can be machined to fabricate dental restorations
36
List the properties of polymer dental materials
1. formable, can be made translucent or opaque
2. low in density and hardness
3. poor conductors of temperature and electricity
37
Define Ionic bond
Formed by the complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms. Generates two oppositely charged ions. the metal loses electrons to become a positively charged cation. Nonmetal accepts those electrons to become negatively charged anion.
38
Define covalent bond
Formed between atoms that have similar electronegativities. Sharing of electrons. Octet configuration.
39
Describe metallic bonds
Valence electrons are free to move through the lattice.
40
Label the points on the graph
a. proportional limit
b. yield strength
c. ultimate strength (highest strength before fracture)
d. fracture strength (often lower than ultimate strength)
PYUF
Please Yell Until Fall
41
In a stress strain curve, a positive linear slope is indicative of
Elastic deformation
42
In a stress strain curve, the proportional limit to the yield strength means _______
transition from elastic deformation to plastic deformation
43
What is elastic modulus?
the measure of elasticity of a material. The elastic modulus represents the STIFFNESS of a material within the elastic range (stress/strain)
44
T or F: Stiffness is not a fundamental property of a material
False. Stiffness is a fundamental property of the material.
45
What forces of the material are responsible for the property of elasticity?
Interatomic and intermolecular forces.
46
A higher number of elastic modulus means that the material is more _______
rigid
47
T or F: Dentin is more rigid than enamel.
False.
Enamel elastic modulus: 84
Dentin elastic modulus: 17
a higher elastic modulus number= more rigid
therefore, enamel is more rigid than dentin
48
Define Hardness
Is a surface property. hardness may be defined as the resistance to permanent surface indentation or penetration
*think ease of polishing
49
Define the following words in color components
Hue:
Value:
Chroma:
Hue: color itself (dominant)
Value: luminosity or brightness or gray scale
Chroma: color saturation
50
Match the following terms with its correct shade
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
a. yellow
b. red
c. gray/red
d. gray
1. A=red
2. B=yellow
3. C= gray
4. D= gray/red
51
Definition of thermal conductivity (k)
Quantity of heat in calories or joules, per second passing through a body
52
Define coefficient of thermal expansion
The change in length (final-original) per unit length of a material for a 1 degree C change in temperature
53
Define metamerism
Phenomenon in which the color of an object under one type of light source appears to change when illuminated by a different light source.
54
Define opacity
the extent to which light does not pass through a material. No image and no light can be seen through an opaque object.
55
Define translucency
The quality of light passing through an object in a diffuse manner, only to reveal a distorted image that can be viewed through the material.
56
define galvanism
the presence of dissimilar metallic restorations in the mouth may cause a phenomenon called galvanism.
These fillings, in conjunction with saliva, make up an electric cell.
57
Define electrochemical corrosion
The deterioration of materials through oxidative process. Chemical process in which a solid, usually a metal, is attacked by an environmental agent resulting in partial or complete dissolution.
58
List the periodontal tissues that surround the teeth
1. gingiva
2. Periodontal ligament
3. Cementum
4. Alveolar bone
59
The oral cavity is lined by oral mucosa made up on __________ epithelium and underlying ______ tissue.
The oral cavity is lined by oral mucosa made up of STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS epithelium and underlying CONNECTIVE tissue.
60
Oral mucosa is divided into
1.
2.
3.
1. Masticatory mucosa (gingiva and palate)
2. Specialized mucosa (tongue)
3. Lining mucosa (lips, cheek, vestibule, floor of the mouth)
61
What are the functions of oral mucosa?
1.
2.
3.
1. Protection (of deeper tissue of oral cavity)
2. Sensation (temp, touch, and pain)
3. Secretion (saliva keeps the tissues moist)
62
What/which periodontal tissues surround the teeth?
The gingiva
63
What/which periodontal tissues support the teeth?
1. Cementium
2. Periodontal ligament (PDL)
3. Alveolar bone
64
Label the following areas
65
Where is the mucogingival junction?
The area in between the gingiva and alveolar mucosa
66
Alveolar mucosa is ________
Gingiva is _________
(keratinized/non-keratinized)
Alveolar mucosa is non-keratinized
Gingiva is keratinized
67
What does non-keratinized epithelium provide in alveolar mucosa?
Provides mobility needed to speak, chew, and make facial expressions.
68
What is the function of gingiva? (list 3)
1. Provides tissue seal around the cervical portion of the tooth.
2. Holds tissue against tooth during mastication
3. Composed of a thin outer layer of epithelium and an underlying core of connective tissue
69
What are the three clinical anatomical divisions of gingiva? Label
1. Marginal/free gingiva
2. Attached gingiva
3. Interdental papilla
70
The gingival groove separates free gingiva from the attached gingiva. It corresponds roughly to the _______________.
It corresponds roughly to the clinically measurable bottom of the gingival sulcus.
71
What is the term for the part of the gingiva that surrounds the tooth and is not directly attached to the tooth surface.
Free gingiva (gingival margin)
72
Use the following terms to accurately describe marginal gingiva (free gingiva)
Fits tight/fits snug around the tooth
attached/not attached to the tooth
width is 3.00/1.00 mm
smooth/stippled
nonkeratinized/keratinized
continuous/non continuous with attached gingiva
Marginal gingiva is:
SNUG around the tooth
NOT ATTACHED to the tooth
1.00 mm
SMOOTH
KERATINIZED
CONTINUOUS with attached gingiva (facially and lingually)
73
Identify the following
74
Identify the arrow
Cementoenamel junction
The area where enamel ends and cementum starts
75
What is the clinical importance of CEJ in Periodontology?
It is an anatomical landmark for determination of destructive periodontal disease
CEJ cannot be detached during health or gingival diseases.
If the CEJ can be detected, it indicates destructive periodontitis is either present or had previously occured.
76
1. What is the NORMAL position of free gingival margin in reference to CEJ?
2. what about edematous tissue?
3. gingival recession?
1. FGM slightly coronal to CEJ
2. FGM significantly coronal to CEJ
3.FGM apical to CEJ
77
This picture is an example of the FGM ________ to the CEJ.
FGM is slightly coronal to CEJ. This is normal position
78
This picture is an example of the FGM _______ to the CEJ
FGM is apical to the CEJ. aka gingival recession. The gingival margin recedes away from CEJ exposing the root surface
79
Which division of the gingiva is firm, dense stippled, and tightly bound to the underlying periosteum?
Attached gingiva
80
What is the width of attached gingiva?
varies between 1.00 and 9.00 mm
81
The following term accurately describes which division of the gingiva?
1. extends from the free gingival groove to the mucogingival junction
2. Firmly bound to alveolar bone
3. stippled
4. keratinized
5. narrowest on the facial aspect of the mandibular premolars
Attached gingiva
82
Where is attached gingiva the narrowest?
Narrowest on the facial aspect of the mandibular premolars
83
What is the function of attached gingiva?
Function is to allow gingival tissue to withstand mechanical forces created during chewing, speaking, and tooth brushing
it prevents free gingiva from being pulled away from tooth when tension is applied to alveolar mucosa
84
What is gingival papilla?
The interdental extension of the gingiva and occupies the interproximal space
85
Which division of gingiva occupies the interproximal space?
Gingival papilla
86
From what aspect does the interdental gingiva/interdental papilla appear triangular?
from the facial or lingual aspect
87
What is the function of interdental gingiva/interdental papilla?
function is to prevent food from becoming packed between teeth during mastication.
88
Characteristics of interdental papilla
Fill in the blank:
1. Includes parts of _____ and _____ gingiva
2. Occupies that ______ space beneath the area of _______
3. ________ is usually stippled but the _________ are smooth
4. Shape is ______
1. Include parts of marginal and attached gingiva
2. Occupies the interdental space beneath the area of tooth contact
3. Central portion is usually stippled but the marginal borders are smooth
4. Shape is pyramidal
89
Apical to the contact area between two teeth, the interdental gingiva assumes a ______ form.
concave form
90
_____ is a valley-like depression interproximally directly apical to contact
Col
*Col is absent if teeth are missing or recession is present, or two teeth are not in contact
91
We investigate the gingival sulcus by using the _______
periodontal prove (marked in millimeter)
92
What is the mucogingival junction?
Junction between keratinized gingiva and non-keratinized mucosa. (look for the drastic change in color)
93
Color of
1. Keratinized gingiva
2. Nonkeratinized alveolar mucosa
1. Keratinized gingiva is pale pink
2. Nonkeratinized alveolar mucosa is more thin and vascular and deeper red
94
What is the clinical method to locate the mucogingival junction?
Roll technique: functional method using the probe to detect MGJ when unable to distinguish by the color(visual method)
95
Where is the mucogingival junction on the palatal surface surface of maxillary teeth?
Trick question. The mucogingival junction is ABSENT on the palatal surfaces of the maxillary teeth
96
What is the color of healthy gingiva?
Coral pink or pigmented (melanin)
97
What is the contour of healthy gingiva?
Scalloped-parabolic boarders
98
The _______ meets the teeth in a scalloped line that follows the contours of the ________
The alveolar crest meets the teeth in a scalloped line that follows the contours of the cementoenamel junction (CEJ)
99
How does the gingiva get its scalloped contour?
The gingival margin follows the contours of the teeth and bone underneath to appear scalloped
100
What are the two shapes of the marginal gingiva?
Flat/knife edged or rolled.
101
The gingival sulcus is formed by what structures?
1. tooth
2. sulcular epithelium and junctional epithelum
102
The junctional epithelium ends at the______
ends at the CEJ
103
Where does periodontal disease start? why?
In the gingival crevice
Because the tooth associated biofilm can remain undisturbed in the gingival crevice for a long time (this results in gingival inflammation (gingivitis)
104
What is the gingival sulcus? Where is it located?
A shallow fissure/crevice between the marginal gingiva and the enamel
105
What are the three borders of the gingival sulcus?
1. Tooth enamel on one side
2. Junctional epithelium at the bottom
3. Oral sulcular epithelium on the other side
106
Memorize this
Neutrophils are an important part of the innate immune response and they migrate from the blood vessels in response to microbial biofilm which establish a chemotactic gradient that attracts them through the junctional epithelium into the crevice
107
List the contents of the gingival crevice
1. small amounts of bacterial biofilm
2. gingival crevicular fluid
3. neutrophils
4. desquamated cells from the junctional and sulcar epithelia
108
The junctional epithelium and the supra-alveolar connective tissue fibers are known as _______
Supracrestal tissue attachment or "biological width"
109
What are the marks found on the Williams probe?
1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 , 10 mm
110
The UNC 15 probe has how many markings?
1-15 mm markings
111
In health, what is the probe depth of a healthy gingival sulcus?
1-3 mm
112
Define sulcus depth vs pocket dept
Sulcus depth: a physiologic (non-inflamed) space bounded by tooth surface, junctional epithelium, and free ginigiva (generally 1-3 mm)
Pocket depth: a pathologically deepened sulcus (often greater than 3 mm)
113
Why is it necessary to walk the probe when probing?
Allows the clinician to recognize changes in the periodontal attachment tissues
114
Fill in the blank
1. Probe tip should be _________ with the tooth
2. Probe should be ______ to the long axis of the tooth
1. probe tip should be in contact with the tooth
2. Probe should be parallel to the long axis of the tooth
115
True or false: The 1-2mm instrument tip of the probe should be kept in contact with the tooth surface
True. The probe tip should never be held away from the tooth
116
Define parallelism in vertical positioning of the probe surface
The probe is pointed as parallel as possible to the long axis of the tooth surface
117
When 2 adjacent teeth are in contact, what technique should be used to probe the area?
When 2 adjacent teeth are in contact, a special technique is used to probe the area directly beneath the contact area
118
Under-angulation of the probe will not allow the clinician to properly identify ________ and will _______ the true interproximal probing depth measurement.
119
Over-angulation of the probe will result in __________
120
Why is angulation of the probe very important at the interproximal surface of a tooth when probing?
Gingival and periodontal infections begin in the col area more frequently than in the other areas.
Probing depths may be deepest directly under the contact area because of the crater formation on the alveolar bone
121
In health, the probe tip penetrates __________ the length of the junctional epithelium located above the cemento-enamel junction.
In health, the probe tip penetrates one third or helf the length of the junctional epithelium located above the cemento-enamel junction.
122
A total of six surfaces are recorded for each tooth. What are they?
123
True or false: If the probing depths vary within one site, the shallowest reading in the site is recorded.
False. The deepest reading in this site is recorded.
124
True or false: Probing depths are rounded to the nearest FULL milimeter.
true. For example, a reading of 1.5 mm is rounded to the next highest whole number, therefore, 1.5 mm will be recorded as 2 mm.
125
What is the two step technique used to probe the mesial and distal surfaces?
126
Memorize this
127
Describe the intraoral conventional finger rest
Finger rest is established on tooth surfaces immediately adjacent to the working area.
128
Describe the extraoral finger rests
1. Extraoral palm-up finger rest
1. Extraoral palm-down finger rest
129
Match the following decriptions with their accurate patient positions.
1. Patient position maxillary arch
2. Patient position mandibular arch
a. Adjust the backrest of the patient's chair at a 60 degree angle to the seat and the chin lowered
b. Place the patient in a supine position with his neck and spine in a straight line and the chin raised.
130
When working on posterior teeth, what position should right handed dentists position themselves?
9oclock for BUCCAL aspects of maxillary and mandibular right and left
7 OR 11 for lingual aspect of maxillary and mandibular right and left posterior
131
In a periodontally healthy mouth, plaque biofilms exist in the __________, but the adjacent gingival tissues respond in a way that is clinically unrecognizable
The gingival crevice
132
Define Dental bacterial plaque
a community of many species of microorganism that adhere tenaciously to tooth surfaces, restorations, and prosthetic appliances
133
What are the four phases of plaque biofilm formation?
1. attachment of bacteria to solid surface
2. initial colonization
3. secondary colonization
4. formation of mature subgingival biofilms
134
In the initial attachment of bacteria, what exactly are the bacteria attaching to?
Bacteria attach to outer surface of pellicle within few hours after pellicle formation.
*Pellicle is a thin salivary protein coating, It protects enamel from acidic activity
* bacteria connect to pellicle via receptors
135
In secondary colonization of plaque formation, bacteria start cell division and recruitment of other bacteria by signaling via _______
quorum sensing
136
What 3 things make up the internal structure of mature biofilm?
1. layers and layers of bacteria (polymicrobial)
2. Fluid channels
3. cell to cell communication
137
Which of the following are NOT included in the extracellular matrix of biofilms?
1. Water
2. Polysaccharides
3. Bacteria
4. Proteins
5. Glycoproteins
6. Nucleic acids
7. Lipids
bacteria and glycoproteins are incorrect.
138
What purpose does the extracellular matrix serve in biofilms?
1. protective layer that surrounds the mushroom-shaped bacterial microcolonies
2. provides mechanical stability
3. Mediated adhesion to surfaces
139
Fluid channels that penetrate the extracellular layer of biofilms facilitate the movement of
1.
2.
3.
1. bacterial metabolites
2. waste products
3. enzymes
140
The ability to communicate with one another by _______ allows bacteria to coordinate gene expression and therefore __________
THe ability to communicate with one another by QUORUM SENSING allows bacteria to coordinate gene expression and therefore CONTROL THE BEHAVIOR OF THE ENTIRE BIOFILM
141
Biofilm associated with health are simpler and consist mainly of ________ with smaller numbers of ________
Gram positive cocci (streptococci) with smaller numbers of actinomyces species (gram positive rods)
142
What is the role of dental plaque in caries?
Bacterial plaque+sugar and starches= decay producing acid that dissolves the tooth structure causing dental caries
143
Describe the role of plaque inflammatory periodontal diseases?
Plaque bacteria produces irritating substances that leads to destruction of tissues and loss of tissues
144
Memorize this
145
1. Plaque forms near the ________ and in between the _________________
2. Plaque BIOFILM forms on ________
1. Plaque forms near the gingival margin and in between the gingival tissue and the tooth surface
2. Plaque biofilm forms on ALL all surfaces of teeth
146
What are the factors that influence plaque accumulation?
1. crowded teeth
2. rough surfaces
147
List the importance of Plaque Indices
1. helps determine quantity of plaque in patients mouth
2. longitudinal evaluation helps us determine patient's oral hygiene performance.
148
What is the basis of O'Leary Plaque index?
-PRESENCE or ABSENCE of plaque
-Location: plaque at the dentogingival junction or tooth structure near the gingival margin
149
What is the O'Leary Plaque Index Equation?
Plaque Index = S/ (4 x N )*100
S= all plaque containing surfaces
N= number of teeth examined
150
Memorize this
151
Interproximal surfaces are examined from _____________and are identified as one and recorded on the __________ facial surfaces of charting in axium
1. examined from both buccal and lingual sides
2. recorded on the buccal or facial surfaces of charting
152
O'Leary Plaque index records plaque at
a. at the dentogingival junction
b. on 6 surfaces of the tooth
c. on 4 surfaces of the tooth
d. a and c
d
153
3. Biofilms on teeth are organized within an extracellular matrix
154
3. Extracellular matrix
155
What is occlusion?
The static relationship between the incising or masticating surfaces of the maxillary or mandibular teeth or tooth analogues.
*occlusion is how teeth come together
156
What is articulation?
The static AND dynamic contact relationship between the occlusal surfaces of the teeth during function
*articulation is how teeth come together but also how they relate to each other during function
157
Memorize these structures
158
What are the two types of movement that the mandible can perform? (with their respective description)
1. rotational: turning around an axis
2. translation: all points within a body have identical movement (same direction and speed)
159
List the three anatomic reference planes or planes of rotation
1. sagittal plane (back and forth)
2. frontal plane (up and down)
3. horizontal plane (side to side)
160
Write this out
161
Memorize this
162
What are the three axis of rotation of the mandible?
1. Horizontal
2. Sagittal
3. Vertical
163
View: Sagittal Plane
Rotation:
1. What is the mandible rotating around?
2. Where does it run through
3. Where does pure rotation take place?
Translation:
1. Which direction is translation happening?
2. Where does the translation take place?
Sagittal Plane *think beak
Rotation
1. The mandible rotates around the horizontal plane
2. Runs through both condyles and perpendicular to the sagittal plane
3. Pure rotation takes place between condylar process and the articular disk
Translation:
1. The mandible translates downward and forward
2. Translation takes place between the disc and glenoid fossa
164
View: Horizontal Plane
Rotation
1. What is the mandible rotating around?
2. What does it run through
Translation
1. What direction are the right and left condyles translating?
Horizontal Plane
Rotation
1. The mandible is rotating around the vertical axis
2. Runs through the right condyle and perpendicular to the horizontal plane
Translation
1. Right condyle: translate laterally
Left condyle: translate forward and medially (towards the midline)
165
View: Frontal Plane
Rotation
1. What is the mandible rotating around?
2. What does it run through?
Translation
1. What direction are the right and left condyles translating?
Frontal Plane
Rotation
1. Mandible rotating around sagittal axis
2. Runs through the right condyle and perpendicular to the frontal plane
Translation
During RIGHT lateral movement
1. Right condyle: translates laterally
Left condyle: translates inferiorly (downward) AND medially (towards midline)
166
Differentiate between border movement and functional movement
167
What is Centric Relation (CR)
Its a jaw position. A maxillomandibular relationship, INDEPENDENT of tooth contact.
When in CR, the mandible can only perform rotational movements.
168
Define Maximal Intercuspal position (MIP)
- the complete intercuspation of the opposing teeth
-its possible for the mandible to be in CR while the teeth are also in MIP
169
T or F It is not possible for mandible to be in CR and the teeth to be in MIP at the same time.
False-its possible for the mandible to be in CR while the teeth are also in MIP
170
Define Centric occlusion (CO)
The occlusion of opposing teeth when the mandible is in centric relation. (basically just biting straight down)
*may or may not coincide with MIP, in fact 90% of people CO doesn't happen with M
171
Define Initial point of contact (IPC)
The first or initial contact of opposing teeth during closure of the mandible when in centric relation (CR). Usually on mesial incline of maxillary teeth and distal inclines of mandibular teeth
172
Fill in the blank
Initial point of contact is usually on _________ inclines of maxillary teeth and ______ inclines of mandibular teeth
Initial point of contact is is usually on MESIAL inclines of MAXILLARY teeth and DISTAL inclines of MANDIBULAR teeth
173
The movement of the mandible while in CR from the initial point of contact into MIP is defines the term __________
centric slide.
*Can have an anterior and superior direction dictated by the contour of the IPC
174
What are the proper terms for these abbreviations?
1. CR
2. MIP
3. CO
4. IPC
1. centric relation
2. maximum intercuspal position
3. centric occlusion
4. initial point of contact
review this slide
175
What 3 specific things determine the incisal guidance?
1. Horizontal overlap of anterior teeth
2. Vertical overlap of anterior teeth
3. Shape of lingual concavity of maxillary anteriors
176
T of F
Horizontal overlap = overjet
Vertical overlap= overbite
true
177
Differentiate between maximum protrusion and maximum mandibular opening
1. Maximum protrusion= path of the mandible to the maximum protrusive position
2. Maximum mandibular opening: describes the path from the maximum protrusive position to the maximum opening of the mandible
178
What is VDO compared to VDR. Provide definitions to both
1. Vertical Dimension of Occlusion (VDO): distance between two selected anatomic/marked points when in maximal intercuspal position (MIP) (basically distance when biting down completely)
2. Vertical Dimension of Rest (VDR): postural position of the mandible when an individual is resting comfortably in an upright position and the associated muscles are in a state of minimal activity as well
179
Define Interocclusal Rest Distance
The difference between the vertical dimension of rest and the occlusal vertical dimension
VDR-VDO= freeway space
180
In Radiology, what does well circumscribed mean? what does diffuse mean?
Well circumscribed (discrete)= can draw a line around it, clear margins
Diffuses= border blend in, not clear
181
Radiographic features of Cementosis
182
How do we begin to evaluate esthetics?
Past records, smile photo, study cast, xray
183
The facial analysis comprises of which views?
1. Frontal view
2. Lateral view
184
What are the horizontal reference lines of the frontal view?
1. Interpupillary line
2. Commissural line
185
What is/are the vertical reference lines of the frontal view?
1. The facial midline
186
What are the facial proportions of the frontal view?
Facial thirds
upper third: hairline and ophriac line
middle third: ophriac to interallar line
lower third: interalar tip of the chin
187
What are the profile types from the lateral view of facial analysis
1. Normal
2. Convex
3. Concave
188
What are the ideal proportions of the E-line in the lateral view of facial analysis
1. upper lip is 4 mm posterior
2. lower lip is 2 mm posterior
189
Men show ______(more/less) maxillary incisors and ______(more/less) mandibular incisors than women
Men show LESS maxillary incisors and MORE mandibular incisors than women
190
The average maxillary incisor exposure at rest in males is _____ mm and _____ in females.
The average maxillary incisor exposure at rest in males is 1.91 mm and 3.4mm in females
191
List the esthetic elements of a smile
1. smile line
2. parallelism of anterior incisal curve with lower lip (aka smile arc)
3. Relationship between anterior and lower lip
4. number of teeth displayed
5. buccal corridors
192
A high smile line is predominantly a ______ characteristic
female.
*low smile line were predominantly a male characteristic
193
Define parallelism
Looking to see how parallel the anterior incisal curve is with lower lip (aka smile arc). can be parallel, straight, or reverse
194
Smile analysis
More than half the patients show up to _____
2md premolar
*patients displaying upto 1st molar are considered the most esthetic (wide smile)
195
The ______ is the most important focal spot in an esthetic smile.
The midline
196
What is the key element of the dental analysis of a smile
maxillary anterior teeth
197
Aim for a ___% W/L ratio when analyzing tooth length
80% w/l ration
198
Define the "golden proportion"
1/1.618
199
The gingival line should follow the ______ contour
upper lip contour
200
The gingival margin should be the same for which teeth
central and canine
lateral should be a little lower
201
Define gingival zenith
The most apical point of the gingival outline
From the midline of the clinical crown
Central incisors: 1mm distally
lateral incisors: 0.4 mm distally
Canines: 0 mm distally
202
What are abnormal findings of the soft tissues in an intraoral exam?
1. unusual gingiva
2. ulcers
3. pathology
203
What is the most common disease in pediatric patients
caries
204
Some caries are INCIPIENT. What does this mean
they are so early that they may be reversible, and don't need surgical treatment
205
Define risk
Risk is a prediction of the likelihood of developing the disease in the future.
Risk is NOT a measure of severity of disease
206
What is Stephen's Curve
A graph that shows what happens after the consumption of sugar in relation to dental caries by using a pH scale.
