GCSE Superpower relations and the Cold War Flashcards
In what was the Grand Alliance created?
1941
What were the agreements about Germany at the Tehran Conference?
- USA and Britain agreed to invade Europe
- The Soviet Union declared war on Japan after Germany was defeated
What countries were in the Grand Alliance?
- Britain
- The Soviet Union
- The USA
The Tehran Conference was a success for…
Stalin - Churchill was less pleased
Britain, USA and USSR all shared one core aim, to defeat…
Nazi Germany and it’s allies
When was the Tehran Conference?
November - December 1943
At the Yalta Conference, there was still tension over
(?nation?) as the leader had disputed the results of free elections there
Poland
The Yalta Conference - discussions on Germany
What will happen to Germany?:
Germany would be:
- Reduced in size and split up
- Forced to pay reparations
- Demilitarised
The Yalta Conference - discussions on Germany
What will happen to the Nazi’s control?
Nazi control would be defeated:
- Nazi war criminals would be tried after the war was over
- The Declaration of Liberated Europe helped peoples liberated from Nazi control
At the Potsdam Conference, the Council of Foreign ________ was set up to help accelerate Europe’s recovery
Ministers
According to the agreements at the Yalta Conference, what would happen to Eastern Europe?
- Future governments in Eastern Europe would be decided by free elections
- Poland would fall under the ‘Soviet sphere of influence’ but would be run under a democratic government
At the Potsdam Conference, Germany was reduced in size and divide into occupied zones, controlled by:
- France
- Britain
- The Soviet Union
- The USA
When was the Yalta Conference?
February 1945
What agreements were made at the Potsdam Conference?
- The Nazi party was banned
- The Soviet Union was to receive 25% of the industrial output from the other three occupied zones of Germany
The Soviet Union supported communism (the ideology), whilst the USA and Britain were _________ countries.
Capitalists
Why was Stalin angry with Truman?
Before the Conference, Truman had successfully tested the atomic bomb without consulting him
What individuals were executed under Stalin’s rule in the USSR?
- Zinoviev
- Bukharin
- Kamenev
How many people died in the ‘Holodomor’?
3.3 million
Who was the notorious communist party in Cambodia ?
Khmer Rouge
Fill in the gaps:
At the Yalta and Potsdam conferences, Churchill believed that a defeated ___1___ should be rebuilt. But Stalin wanted to weaken Germany as much as possible through _____2_____. Churchill also suspected that ___3__ troops would not leave the ___4___ European countries that they had liberated.
1 - Germany
2 - Reparations
3 - Soviet
4 - Eastern
The Soviet technique of fixing elections and then shutting down the opposition was known as ______ tactics.
Salami
In the late 1940’s communist leaders were installed in which Eastern European countries?
- Poland
- East Germany
- Hungary
- Czechoslovakia
In what year did the Soviet Union develop their own bomb?
1949
In 1947, Which countries had already fallen to communism?
Poland and Bulgaria
Winston Churchill’s speech in the year 1__ in Fulton, USA became known as the __2 curtain speech because of his comments about the USSR and Eastern Europe.
1 - 1946
2 - Iron
How much money was provided by the USA in the Marshall plan to help rebuild Europe?
12.7$ billion dollars
Through the __1__Doctrine and ___2___ plan, the USA sought to hold back communism through military and economic assistance to primarily Western Europe. This was part of a policy known as ‘____3____.
1 - Truman
2 - Marshall
3 - Containment
3 views of the Marshall plan
- The US believed that the Soviets were trying to isolate Eastern Europe and impose communist ideals
- George Marshall was the US secretary of state
- The Soviet Union saw the Marshall plan as example of US “economic imperialism”
When was the Truman Doctrine?
1947
In 1947, __1___, ___2___ and ____3___ already had communist governments. Truman feared this may spread to other countries. He feared a ‘domino effect’
1 - Poland
2 - Romania
3 - Bulgaria
Effects of the Truman Doctrine:
- The USA was prepared to send troops, money and resources to any nations resisting communism
- Communism limited people’s freedom
- Capitalism and communism could not co-exist in the same nation
What does Comecon stands for?
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
The Western Zones of occupation joined to form the Federal Republic of Germany with __1__ as its capital and the Soviets formed the German ____2____ Republic (East Germany)
1 - Bonn
2 - Democratic
After the Berlin Crisis (blockade and airlift), Germany became officially divided into __1__ and __2__ Germany.
1 - West
2 - East
The NATO alliance was based around the idea of “___1___ security”. When one country is attacked, the other nations in __2__ will support it in the fight against a common enemy.
1 - collective
2 - NATO
What were 3 consequences of the Berlin Crisis?
- On 12 May 1949, Stalin abandoned the blockade
- The crisis led to the formation of West and later East Germany
- The airlift was a show of peaceful strength from the USA
What were 5 causes of tension before the Berlin Crisis:
- Berlin’s position in East Germany
- The Marshall plan
- New currency in West Berlin
- Creation of Trizonia
- Most food in Berlin from East Germany
On 1st of __1__ 1947, the USA and Britain joined their German zones. This created a new quasi-country called ‘Bizonia’.
On the 1st of August __2__, the French part of Germany joined Bizonia to make ‘Trizonia’
1 - January
2 - 1948
In which year did the USSR first successfully test a nuclear bomb?
1949
The War saw Pact was signed on the __th of May 1955. It was a rival to __2__ (which was created in 1949).
- 14th
- NATO
The arms race became one of the most challenging strategic issues of the Cold War with both sides concerned with showing their ______ weapons.
- nuclear
What 3 things are true about the Hungary uprising?
Hint* Nagy
- Nagy announced that he wanted to leave the Warsaw Pact, resulting in anti - communist riots
- Nagy was a communist but believed in more personal freedoms
- In October 1956, Hungarians demonstrated against communist rule, pulling down statues of Stalin
Nikita Khrushchev asked Imre __1__ to become the Hungarian Prime Minister. Nagy was a communist, but he was viewed as more liberal and open than his predecessor, __2__
1 - Nagy
2 - Rakosi
After Nagy was Overthrown, Janos Kadar became the Prime Minister of Hungary, appointed by Krushchev and the Soviet ____1____ (leadership committee). Hungary then adopted something called the ‘2 Point Programme’
1 - Politburo
2 - ‘15 Point Programme
What did some Western countries boycott in 1956?
The Olympics
During the Hungarian Uprising, how many:
1) Hungarians died?
2) Soviet soldiers died?
3) men invaded Budapest?
1- 2,500 Hungarians died
2- 700 Soviet soldiers died
3- An army of 200,000 men invaded Budapest
Why did the USA look weak during the Hungarian Uprising?
The USA and West looked weak. They had shown that in a world with Nuclear weapons, they would not intervene in Eastern Europe.
When did Khrushchev first issue the Berlin Ultimatum?
November 1958
In 1958, what did Khrushchev issued?
Khrushchev is Russian, a soviet
Khrushchev issued a memorandum (written document), claiming that Berlin should be absorbed into East Germany.
When did the construction of the Berlin Wall begin?
13th August 1961
In 1960, where were living conditions better?
west or east?
West Berlin
The migration of East Germans to Berlin meant that East Germany had a shortage of:
skilled labour
Where were the first 3 summit meetings between the USA and USSR held between 1959 and 1961?
- Geneva, Switzerland
- Camp David, USA
- Paris, France
What did President Kennedy call himself when he visited West Berlin in 1963?
A ‘Berliner’
How did President Kennedy react to the Berlin Wall?
He did not think that it was a good solution, but it was better than war
Dubcek supported the Brezhnev Doctrine and the ___1___ Pact, but wanted communism to have a ‘___2___ face’
1- Warsaw pact
2- ‘Human face’
What did the Brezhnev Doctrine declare?
the USSR could invade any country in its sphere of influence which threatened the stability of Eastern Europe.
When did Alexander Dubcek become leader of Czechoslovakia?
January 1968
Czechoslovakia became a strictly - run Soviet satellite state again, led by Gustav Husak. The process of rolling back Dubcek’s proposed reforms was called “________”
- “normalisation”
Romania (under Nicolae Ceausescu) and Yugoslavia (under Josip Broz __1__) divided the communist world by signing agreements with __2__ (led by Zhou Xiangyu). The Chinese Communist Party and media, who you would have expected to be supported called Brezhnev and Soviet leaders ‘a pack of robbers’.
1 - Tito
2 - China
What did the Polish government do after the Soviet reaction in Czechoslovakia?
They did not make any reforms despite public demands for change
3 facts about the Prague Spring:
hint:
- Czech
- Brezhnev and Honecker
- Old Czech communists
- Many Czechoslovakians were enthusiastic about the reforms
- Brezhnev and Honecker feared that the Prague Spring would lead to calls for reforms elsewhere
- Old Czech communists thought that the reforms would lead to the collapse of communism
Which Latin American nation stopped supporting the USSR over the Czechoslovakian invasion?
Mexico
The USA didn’t get involved in Czechoslovakia. It did not want a nuclear war and was already fighting communists, with no success in ________. 58,220 US troops would die in the War.
- Vietnam
The CIA’s report into the ‘World Communist Reaction to the invasion of Czechoslovakia’ said that ‘that ____1____, Romania, China and Albania would be opposed was never in question’ and that French Communists leader, ___2___-Rochet and Italian Communist leader, ___3___, both opposed the invasion.
1 - Yugoslavia
2 - Waldeck
3 - Longo
In the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia….
hint:
Liberal reforms
Dubcek
Troops
- Liberal reforms were implemented then removed
- Dubcek lost power
- Soviet troops invaded Czechoslovakia
When did Fidel Castro take power in Cuba?
1959
At the Bay of Pigs on the _1_th April 1961, America invaded Cuba. The CIA told Kennedy that the invasion would look like a Cuban revolt. The USA assembled a group of Cuban exiles called ‘Brigade 2’. The CIA funded them, gave them US planes and launched an invasion from Guatemala.
1 - 17th April 1961
2 - Brigade 2506
Kennedy’s blockade of Cuba was known as a “______________”
“Quarantine zone”
When did the USA discover Soviet Union missile sites on Cuba, sparking the Cuban Missiles Crisis?
October 1962
When was Khrushchev ousted as Russian leader?
1964
3 Consequence of the Cuban Missile Crisis
- Cuba survived as a communist country
- Kennedy’s public appeal improved, but the Soviet Union looked weak
- There was a move towards detente (a more relaxed relationship between West and East)
With which country did Cuba form close economic ties after Castro took power?
USSR
Which 1963 treaty stopped nuclear weapons being tested above ground?
Limited Test Ban Treaty
When did the Cuban Missile Crisis take place?
20th-28th October 1962
The leaders that agreed to SALT 1 were Nixon of the US and _______ of the USSR.
Brezhnev
Why was SALT 1 important?
It slowed the arms race and improved international relations
3 country specific agreements at the Helsinki Conference:
- Basket 1, agreeing that borders were inviolable, meant that West Germany and East Germany would be permanently split forever.
- The USA ended its involvement in the proxy war against Communists in Vietnam in April 1975 after 20 years.
- The USSR would buy wheat from the USA.
The leaders that agreed to SALT 1 were Nixon of the US and ______ of the USSR.
Brezhnev
Why was SALT 1 important?
It slowed down the arms race and improved international relations
Helsinki Conference (1975)
- understanding
The Helsinki Conference of 1975 was the high point of detente (when tension was at its lowest). It led to cooperation across the iron curtain.
Which Summit was SALT 2 based upon?
The Vladivostok
In June ____, SALT 2 was signed by Presidents Jimmy Carter and Leonid Brezhnev However, it was not ratified by the US government.
1979
Which number basket relates to the description?
- Basket 1
- Basket 2
- Basket 3
Basket 1:
The countries accepted that the current borders of European countries were inviolable (couldn’t be broken or violated).
Basket 3:
There was an agreement to respect human rights such as freedom of speech in Europe, as well as free movement.
Basket 2:
There was an attempt to promote trade and technological links across the Iron Curtain.
3 things about SALT 1:
- Each country was only allowed 2 ABM sites
- SLBMs were only allowed as a replacement for old nuclear submarines
- The number of ICBMs could not rise
Where did the Helsinki Conference decide that disputes should be settled peacefully?
United Nations
Which Summit was SALT 2 based upon?
The Vladivostok Summits
Complete the Timeline of the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
- 5 POINTS
1 - The Afghan President Taraki was assassinated in a civil war
2 - Brezhnev invaded Afghanistan, and president Amin is killed
3 - Barbrak Kamal becomes Afghan President
4 - Soviet troops started to fight against the resistance by the Mujahideen. The Carter Doctrine is announced
5 - The USA begins to fund the Mujahideen
The war in Afghanistan had disastrous consequences on the economy and society. What did this lead to?
Increased opposition in the Soviet leadership
When did the US refuse to ratify SALT 2, breaking down diplomatic relations?
1980
The USA was now funding the ____1___ and its allies via Pakistan. Osama bin __2__ was someone receiving American money to fight. He would orchestrate 9/11 20 years later.
1 - Mujahidin
2 - Laden
3 facts about the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan:
- Fighters known as the Mujahidin resisted the Soviet invasion
- The USA allied with Pakistan and Saudi Arabia and funded the Mujahideen via Pakistan
- The Soviets were sceptical of President Amin
The CIA estimate that the Afghan War cost the USSR __bn Russian rubles between 1979 and 1986. The cost was a problem for the USSR which was struggling economically.
18bn
When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?
1979
In what year did the following occur?
1-Ronald Reagan becomes President of the USA.
2- Reagan and Gorbachev first meet.
3- Mikhail Gorbachev became leader of the Soviet Union.
1 - 1981
2 - 1985
3 - 1985
What was one reason for the Soviet Union’s failing economy?
It had overspent on nuclear weapons
What does ‘Glasnost’ mean?
Openness
3 facts about Gorbachev’s ‘new thinking’:
- Gorbachev advocated leaving Afghanistan
- Gorbachev realised that the USSR was spending too much on weapons
- Gorbachev believed that economics and socials reforms would secure the USSR’s socialist future
Which 2 events were disasters for the Soviet Union?
- Chernobyl
- KAL007 being shot down
The shooting down of ___1___, the South Korean airliner, in September __2__ (year) was a particular low point in the Second Cold War.
1 - KAL007
2 - 1983
Improving Leadership relations: Reagan and Gorbachev
- Reagan and Gorbachev first met in 1985
- Reagan and Gorbachev met a Summit in Geneva
- Thatcher was willing to work with Reagan and Gorbachev
Gorbachev’s Key Policies:
- Perestroika
- Glasnost
- Leaving Afghanistan
SDI stood for the ______ Defence _______. It was also called ___ Wars. Some thought that it broke the Outer Space Treaty of the year ____.
SDI stood for the Strategic Defence Initiative. It was also called Star Wars. Some thought that it broke the Outer Space Treaty of the year 1967.
When was the Reykjavik summit held?
October 1986
