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history gcse exam revision > GCSE Superpower relations and the Cold War > Flashcards

GCSE Superpower relations and the Cold War Flashcards

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1
Q

In what was the Grand Alliance created?

A

1941

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2
Q

What were the agreements about Germany at the Tehran Conference?

A
  • USA and Britain agreed to invade Europe

- The Soviet Union declared war on Japan after Germany was defeated

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3
Q

What countries were in the Grand Alliance?

A
  • Britain
  • The Soviet Union
  • The USA
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4
Q

The Tehran Conference was a success for…

A

Stalin - Churchill was less pleased

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5
Q

Britain, USA and USSR all shared one core aim, to defeat…

A

Nazi Germany and it’s allies

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6
Q

When was the Tehran Conference?

A

November - December 1943

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7
Q

At the Yalta Conference, there was still tension over

(?nation?) as the leader had disputed the results of free elections there

A

Poland

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8
Q

The Yalta Conference - discussions on Germany

What will happen to Germany?:

A

Germany would be:

  • Reduced in size and split up
  • Forced to pay reparations
  • Demilitarised
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9
Q

The Yalta Conference - discussions on Germany

What will happen to the Nazi’s control?

A

Nazi control would be defeated:

  • Nazi war criminals would be tried after the war was over
  • The Declaration of Liberated Europe helped peoples liberated from Nazi control
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10
Q

At the Potsdam Conference, the Council of Foreign ________ was set up to help accelerate Europe’s recovery

A

Ministers

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11
Q

According to the agreements at the Yalta Conference, what would happen to Eastern Europe?

A
  • Future governments in Eastern Europe would be decided by free elections
  • Poland would fall under the ‘Soviet sphere of influence’ but would be run under a democratic government
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12
Q

At the Potsdam Conference, Germany was reduced in size and divide into occupied zones, controlled by:

A
  • France
  • Britain
  • The Soviet Union
  • The USA
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13
Q

When was the Yalta Conference?

A

February 1945

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14
Q

What agreements were made at the Potsdam Conference?

A
  • The Nazi party was banned

- The Soviet Union was to receive 25% of the industrial output from the other three occupied zones of Germany

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15
Q

The Soviet Union supported communism (the ideology), whilst the USA and Britain were _________ countries.

A

Capitalists

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16
Q

Why was Stalin angry with Truman?

A

Before the Conference, Truman had successfully tested the atomic bomb without consulting him

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17
Q

What individuals were executed under Stalin’s rule in the USSR?

A
  • Zinoviev
  • Bukharin
  • Kamenev
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18
Q

How many people died in the ‘Holodomor’?

A

3.3 million

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19
Q

Who was the notorious communist party in Cambodia ?

A

Khmer Rouge

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20
Q

Fill in the gaps:

At the Yalta and Potsdam conferences, Churchill believed that a defeated ___1___ should be rebuilt. But Stalin wanted to weaken Germany as much as possible through _____2_____. Churchill also suspected that ___3__ troops would not leave the ___4___ European countries that they had liberated.

A

1 - Germany
2 - Reparations
3 - Soviet
4 - Eastern

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21
Q

The Soviet technique of fixing elections and then shutting down the opposition was known as ______ tactics.

A

Salami

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22
Q

In the late 1940’s communist leaders were installed in which Eastern European countries?

A
  • Poland
  • East Germany
  • Hungary
  • Czechoslovakia
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23
Q

In what year did the Soviet Union develop their own bomb?

A

1949

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24
Q

In 1947, Which countries had already fallen to communism?

A

Poland and Bulgaria

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25
Q

Winston Churchill’s speech in the year 1__ in Fulton, USA became known as the __2 curtain speech because of his comments about the USSR and Eastern Europe.

A

1 - 1946

2 - Iron

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26
Q

How much money was provided by the USA in the Marshall plan to help rebuild Europe?

A

12.7$ billion dollars

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27
Q

Through the __1__Doctrine and ___2___ plan, the USA sought to hold back communism through military and economic assistance to primarily Western Europe. This was part of a policy known as ‘____3____.

A

1 - Truman
2 - Marshall
3 - Containment

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28
Q

3 views of the Marshall plan

A
  • The US believed that the Soviets were trying to isolate Eastern Europe and impose communist ideals
  • George Marshall was the US secretary of state
  • The Soviet Union saw the Marshall plan as example of US “economic imperialism”
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29
Q

When was the Truman Doctrine?

A

1947

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30
Q

In 1947, __1___, ___2___ and ____3___ already had communist governments. Truman feared this may spread to other countries. He feared a ‘domino effect’

A

1 - Poland
2 - Romania
3 - Bulgaria

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31
Q

Effects of the Truman Doctrine:

A
  • The USA was prepared to send troops, money and resources to any nations resisting communism
  • Communism limited people’s freedom
  • Capitalism and communism could not co-exist in the same nation
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32
Q

What does Comecon stands for?

A

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

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33
Q

The Western Zones of occupation joined to form the Federal Republic of Germany with __1__ as its capital and the Soviets formed the German ____2____ Republic (East Germany)

A

1 - Bonn

2 - Democratic

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34
Q

After the Berlin Crisis (blockade and airlift), Germany became officially divided into __1__ and __2__ Germany.

A

1 - West

2 - East

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35
Q

The NATO alliance was based around the idea of “___1___ security”. When one country is attacked, the other nations in __2__ will support it in the fight against a common enemy.

A

1 - collective

2 - NATO

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36
Q

What were 3 consequences of the Berlin Crisis?

A
  • On 12 May 1949, Stalin abandoned the blockade
  • The crisis led to the formation of West and later East Germany
  • The airlift was a show of peaceful strength from the USA
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37
Q

What were 5 causes of tension before the Berlin Crisis:

A
  • Berlin’s position in East Germany
  • The Marshall plan
  • New currency in West Berlin
  • Creation of Trizonia
  • Most food in Berlin from East Germany
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38
Q

On 1st of __1__ 1947, the USA and Britain joined their German zones. This created a new quasi-country called ‘Bizonia’.

On the 1st of August __2__, the French part of Germany joined Bizonia to make ‘Trizonia’

A

1 - January

2 - 1948

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39
Q

In which year did the USSR first successfully test a nuclear bomb?

A

1949

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40
Q

The War saw Pact was signed on the __th of May 1955. It was a rival to __2__ (which was created in 1949).

A
  • 14th

- NATO

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41
Q

The arms race became one of the most challenging strategic issues of the Cold War with both sides concerned with showing their ______ weapons.

A
  • nuclear
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42
Q

What 3 things are true about the Hungary uprising?

Hint* Nagy

A
  • Nagy announced that he wanted to leave the Warsaw Pact, resulting in anti - communist riots
  • Nagy was a communist but believed in more personal freedoms
  • In October 1956, Hungarians demonstrated against communist rule, pulling down statues of Stalin
43
Q

Nikita Khrushchev asked Imre __1__ to become the Hungarian Prime Minister. Nagy was a communist, but he was viewed as more liberal and open than his predecessor, __2__

A

1 - Nagy

2 - Rakosi

44
Q

After Nagy was Overthrown, Janos Kadar became the Prime Minister of Hungary, appointed by Krushchev and the Soviet ____1____ (leadership committee). Hungary then adopted something called the ‘2 Point Programme’

A

1 - Politburo

2 - ‘15 Point Programme

45
Q

What did some Western countries boycott in 1956?

A

The Olympics

46
Q

During the Hungarian Uprising, how many:

1) Hungarians died?
2) Soviet soldiers died?
3) men invaded Budapest?

A

1- 2,500 Hungarians died

2- 700 Soviet soldiers died

3- An army of 200,000 men invaded Budapest

47
Q

Why did the USA look weak during the Hungarian Uprising?

A

The USA and West looked weak. They had shown that in a world with Nuclear weapons, they would not intervene in Eastern Europe.

48
Q

When did Khrushchev first issue the Berlin Ultimatum?

A

November 1958

49
Q

In 1958, what did Khrushchev issued?

Khrushchev is Russian, a soviet

A

Khrushchev issued a memorandum (written document), claiming that Berlin should be absorbed into East Germany.

50
Q

When did the construction of the Berlin Wall begin?

A

13th August 1961

51
Q

In 1960, where were living conditions better?

west or east?

A

West Berlin

52
Q

The migration of East Germans to Berlin meant that East Germany had a shortage of:

A

skilled labour

53
Q

Where were the first 3 summit meetings between the USA and USSR held between 1959 and 1961?

A
  • Geneva, Switzerland
  • Camp David, USA
  • Paris, France
54
Q

What did President Kennedy call himself when he visited West Berlin in 1963?

A

A ‘Berliner’

55
Q

How did President Kennedy react to the Berlin Wall?

A

He did not think that it was a good solution, but it was better than war

56
Q

Dubcek supported the Brezhnev Doctrine and the ___1___ Pact, but wanted communism to have a ‘___2___ face’

A

1- Warsaw pact

2- ‘Human face’

57
Q

What did the Brezhnev Doctrine declare?

A

the USSR could invade any country in its sphere of influence which threatened the stability of Eastern Europe.

58
Q

When did Alexander Dubcek become leader of Czechoslovakia?

A

January 1968

59
Q

Czechoslovakia became a strictly - run Soviet satellite state again, led by Gustav Husak. The process of rolling back Dubcek’s proposed reforms was called “________”

A
  • “normalisation”
60
Q

Romania (under Nicolae Ceausescu) and Yugoslavia (under Josip Broz __1__) divided the communist world by signing agreements with __2__ (led by Zhou Xiangyu). The Chinese Communist Party and media, who you would have expected to be supported called Brezhnev and Soviet leaders ‘a pack of robbers’.

A

1 - Tito

2 - China

61
Q

What did the Polish government do after the Soviet reaction in Czechoslovakia?

A

They did not make any reforms despite public demands for change

62
Q

3 facts about the Prague Spring:

hint:

  • Czech
  • Brezhnev and Honecker
  • Old Czech communists
A
  • Many Czechoslovakians were enthusiastic about the reforms
  • Brezhnev and Honecker feared that the Prague Spring would lead to calls for reforms elsewhere
  • Old Czech communists thought that the reforms would lead to the collapse of communism
63
Q

Which Latin American nation stopped supporting the USSR over the Czechoslovakian invasion?

A

Mexico

64
Q

The USA didn’t get involved in Czechoslovakia. It did not want a nuclear war and was already fighting communists, with no success in ________. 58,220 US troops would die in the War.

A
  • Vietnam
65
Q

The CIA’s report into the ‘World Communist Reaction to the invasion of Czechoslovakia’ said that ‘that ____1____, Romania, China and Albania would be opposed was never in question’ and that French Communists leader, ___2___-Rochet and Italian Communist leader, ___3___, both opposed the invasion.

A

1 - Yugoslavia

2 - Waldeck

3 - Longo

66
Q

In the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia….

hint:

Liberal reforms

Dubcek

Troops

A
  • Liberal reforms were implemented then removed
  • Dubcek lost power
  • Soviet troops invaded Czechoslovakia
67
Q

When did Fidel Castro take power in Cuba?

A

1959

68
Q

At the Bay of Pigs on the _1_th April 1961, America invaded Cuba. The CIA told Kennedy that the invasion would look like a Cuban revolt. The USA assembled a group of Cuban exiles called ‘Brigade 2’. The CIA funded them, gave them US planes and launched an invasion from Guatemala.

A

1 - 17th April 1961

2 - Brigade 2506

69
Q

Kennedy’s blockade of Cuba was known as a “______________”

A

“Quarantine zone”

70
Q

When did the USA discover Soviet Union missile sites on Cuba, sparking the Cuban Missiles Crisis?

A

October 1962

71
Q

When was Khrushchev ousted as Russian leader?

A

1964

72
Q

3 Consequence of the Cuban Missile Crisis

A
  • Cuba survived as a communist country
  • Kennedy’s public appeal improved, but the Soviet Union looked weak
  • There was a move towards detente (a more relaxed relationship between West and East)
73
Q

With which country did Cuba form close economic ties after Castro took power?

A

USSR

74
Q

Which 1963 treaty stopped nuclear weapons being tested above ground?

A

Limited Test Ban Treaty

75
Q

When did the Cuban Missile Crisis take place?

A

20th-28th October 1962

76
Q

The leaders that agreed to SALT 1 were Nixon of the US and _______ of the USSR.

A

Brezhnev

77
Q

Why was SALT 1 important?

A

It slowed the arms race and improved international relations

78
Q

3 country specific agreements at the Helsinki Conference:

A
  • Basket 1, agreeing that borders were inviolable, meant that West Germany and East Germany would be permanently split forever.
  • The USA ended its involvement in the proxy war against Communists in Vietnam in April 1975 after 20 years.
  • The USSR would buy wheat from the USA.
79
Q

The leaders that agreed to SALT 1 were Nixon of the US and ______ of the USSR.

A

Brezhnev

80
Q

Why was SALT 1 important?

A

It slowed down the arms race and improved international relations

81
Q

Helsinki Conference (1975)

  • understanding
A

The Helsinki Conference of 1975 was the high point of detente (when tension was at its lowest). It led to cooperation across the iron curtain.

82
Q

Which Summit was SALT 2 based upon?

A

The Vladivostok

83
Q

In June ____, SALT 2 was signed by Presidents Jimmy Carter and Leonid Brezhnev However, it was not ratified by the US government.

A

1979

84
Q

Which number basket relates to the description?

  • Basket 1
  • Basket 2
  • Basket 3
A

Basket 1:
The countries accepted that the current borders of European countries were inviolable (couldn’t be broken or violated).

Basket 3:
There was an agreement to respect human rights such as freedom of speech in Europe, as well as free movement.

Basket 2:
There was an attempt to promote trade and technological links across the Iron Curtain.

85
Q

3 things about SALT 1:

A
  • Each country was only allowed 2 ABM sites
  • SLBMs were only allowed as a replacement for old nuclear submarines
  • The number of ICBMs could not rise
86
Q

Where did the Helsinki Conference decide that disputes should be settled peacefully?

A

United Nations

87
Q

Which Summit was SALT 2 based upon?

A

The Vladivostok Summits

88
Q

Complete the Timeline of the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

  • 5 POINTS
A

1 - The Afghan President Taraki was assassinated in a civil war

2 - Brezhnev invaded Afghanistan, and president Amin is killed

3 - Barbrak Kamal becomes Afghan President

4 - Soviet troops started to fight against the resistance by the Mujahideen. The Carter Doctrine is announced

5 - The USA begins to fund the Mujahideen

89
Q

The war in Afghanistan had disastrous consequences on the economy and society. What did this lead to?

A

Increased opposition in the Soviet leadership

90
Q

When did the US refuse to ratify SALT 2, breaking down diplomatic relations?

A

1980

91
Q

The USA was now funding the ____1___ and its allies via Pakistan. Osama bin __2__ was someone receiving American money to fight. He would orchestrate 9/11 20 years later.

A

1 - Mujahidin

2 - Laden

92
Q

3 facts about the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan:

A
  • Fighters known as the Mujahidin resisted the Soviet invasion
  • The USA allied with Pakistan and Saudi Arabia and funded the Mujahideen via Pakistan
  • The Soviets were sceptical of President Amin
93
Q

The CIA estimate that the Afghan War cost the USSR __bn Russian rubles between 1979 and 1986. The cost was a problem for the USSR which was struggling economically.

A

18bn

94
Q

When did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?

A

1979

95
Q

In what year did the following occur?

1-Ronald Reagan becomes President of the USA.

2- Reagan and Gorbachev first meet.

3- Mikhail Gorbachev became leader of the Soviet Union.

A

1 - 1981
2 - 1985
3 - 1985

96
Q

What was one reason for the Soviet Union’s failing economy?

A

It had overspent on nuclear weapons

97
Q

What does ‘Glasnost’ mean?

A

Openness

98
Q

3 facts about Gorbachev’s ‘new thinking’:

A
  • Gorbachev advocated leaving Afghanistan
  • Gorbachev realised that the USSR was spending too much on weapons
  • Gorbachev believed that economics and socials reforms would secure the USSR’s socialist future
99
Q

Which 2 events were disasters for the Soviet Union?

A
  • Chernobyl

- KAL007 being shot down

100
Q

The shooting down of ___1___, the South Korean airliner, in September __2__ (year) was a particular low point in the Second Cold War.

A

1 - KAL007

2 - 1983

101
Q

Improving Leadership relations: Reagan and Gorbachev

A
  • Reagan and Gorbachev first met in 1985
  • Reagan and Gorbachev met a Summit in Geneva
  • Thatcher was willing to work with Reagan and Gorbachev
102
Q

Gorbachev’s Key Policies:

A
  • Perestroika
  • Glasnost
  • Leaving Afghanistan
103
Q

SDI stood for the ______ Defence _______. It was also called ___ Wars. Some thought that it broke the Outer Space Treaty of the year ____.

A

SDI stood for the Strategic Defence Initiative. It was also called Star Wars. Some thought that it broke the Outer Space Treaty of the year 1967.

104
Q

When was the Reykjavik summit held?

A

October 1986

history gcse exam revision (3 decks)

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