GCSE early Elizabethan England Flashcards
1
Q
Monarchs (Kings and Queens) were expected to …
A
fund the costs of the costs of running the country.
2
Q
The monarchs needed to raise money for taxes which needed approval of
A
the Houses of Parliament
3
Q
The power of the 2 Houses ( Houses of Commons and House of Lords) were able (constrained) the power of….
A
English King and Queen
4
Q
After a costly war with France which had just come to an end, Elizabeth inherited debts were about (£)
A
300,000 pounds. However she spent a further 100,000 pounds on arms and munitions due to the threat of further conflict.
5
Q
When did Elizabeth became Queen
A
1558
6
Q
Elizabeth also faced faced threats from …..
A
Scotland
7
Q
A war with France had ended in the ‘Siege of Calais’ on the…
A
23 of January - This was England’s last piece of land on the main European mainland
8
Q
The 1559 Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis between France and Spain recognise Calais as ‘in French custody’. England was flighting as …. ( nation ally)
A
Spain’s ally
9
Q
Mary, Queen of scots, was
A
Elizabeth’s main political rival, who was engaged to the French King, King Francis ii
10
Q
King Francis ii was also known as the …
A
‘Dauphin of France’
11
Q
What was high up in Elizabethan society?
top)highest to lowest (bottom
A
- Royal family
- Privy Council
- Nobles
- Gentry, Knights, Lawyers
- Merchants
- Farmers
-The poor, Servants, Labourers
12
Q
Elizabeth i was a young and inexperienced when she became Queen of England aged 25. She never married and was later known as …
A
‘the Virgin Queen’
13
Q
It is reported that henry said that Elizabeth was illegitimate. This could have been for 2 reasons:
A
1 - Elizabeth’s father could have been Mark Smeaton or George Boleyn, instead of Henry.
2- The Catholic Church had refused to support Henry Viii’s divorce of Catherine of Aragon. This may have made married to Anne Boleyn illegitimate. The pope had not made Elizabeth’s mother’s marriage to Henry legitimate
14
Q
Elizabeth’s siblings:
A
- Mary i An older sister who became
- She had a younger brother who became Edward Vi
- Elizabeth was third in-line to the throne
15
Q
Even before she became queen, Elizabeth had faced challenges. She had been accused of conspiring against her
A
half - sister, Queen Mary i
16
Q
What happened to Elizabeth’s mother (Anne Boleyn)
A
She was beheaded
17
Q
Elizabeth was part of the
A
Tudor family ( House of Tudor)
18
Q
What describes Elizabeth’s character:
A
Well-educated
Strong-minded
Pragmatic
19
Q
Her acceptance of both Catholics and Protestants allowed England to
A
live in peace - This could be used as an example of her pragmatic nature
20
Q
The privy council was a group of …..
A
19 people who were the queen’s most trusted advisors.
21
Q
Who ran the the council?
A
The Council was led by the Secretary of State.
22
Q
The economy when Elizabeth started her reign it’s economy was ….
A
weak
23
Q
Who led the rebellion against French rule in Scotland?
A
John Knox
24
Q
What did France capture in 1558
A
Calais - England don’t have any territory on the European continent any more.
25
Elizabeth pulled out of war in...(date)
1559
26
How often did the Privy Council meet?
A few times per week
27
Which 2 men served as Secretary of State during Elizabeth's reign
- Francis Walsingham
| - William Cecil
28
When Elizabeth was born, who was ahead of her in the line of succession?
Princess Mary
29
What was the name of the group of around 20 people that were the Queen's most trusted advisors?
Privy Council
30
In what year did Elizabeth become Queen?
1558
31
On her accession, lot's of Catholics claimed that Elizabeth was illegitimate. They argued that the marriage of her parents had been illegal and therefore she had ....
no right to be Queen
32
Edward and Mary had taken extreme positions on religion. This led to...
disrupted society. - However Elizabeth accepted both Catholics and Protestants.
33
The link between France and Scotland posed another threat to Elizabeth. In 1558 Mary Queen of Scots married a French heir. This increased the threat of...
Mary and the French King would invade England
34
The threat of France faded after the Scottish rebellion led by John Knox was...
defeated, and Mary's husband died in 1560
35
Mary's husband was the King of
Spain
36
Why did parliament want Elizabeth to get married?
- If Elizabeth i did not marry then she could not produce a legitimate heir
- Parliament feared that without a clear successor, there would be a civil war in England after her death
37
What 2 features happened about France threats to Elizabeth i in 1558
- Mary Queen of Scots, supported by France, had a claim to the English throne
- England was at war with France
38
Mary i declared war on France in ... (date)
1557
39
Feature 2 rivals to the English throne
- France posed a threat because it supported the Scottish monarch, Mary queen of Scots, who was a legitimate claimant to the throne
- As a Catholic rival, Mary threatened Elizabeth when she came to the throne in 1558
40
Which English territory was lost in 1558 to France?
Calais
41
Who was the Catholic claimant to the English throne throne?
Mary Queen of Scots
42
Give 3 facts about Elizabeth on and marriage
- Having an heir would provide stability if Elizabeth were to die
- Many parliamentarians saw it as their responsibility to find Elizabeth a husband
- If there was no clear successor to the throne, then a civil war seemed likely
43
Give 3 facts that are true about elections in Elizabethan times
- The house of commons was elected by property-owning men
- 'The state' controlled the ballot in certain places
- Elections were not free
44
Elizabeth did not have to listen to parliament, but she could not ignore it entirely. Elizabeth called only
(?number?) sessions during her reign
13 sessions during her reign
45
What makes up parliament?
The house of commons and the House of Lords
46
Give 3 facts about Elizabeth and religion
- The religious settlement was called the middle way
- A number of puritans in Parliament wanted to pass laws to change the Church of England
- Most Protestants supported Elizabeth's religious settlement
47
Elizabeth and Monopolies:
- Elizabeth was criticized by some parliamentarians for giving powerful people monopolies
- MP Robert Bell called the giving of monopolies unfair in 1571
- Elizabeth gave a speech to parliament in 1601 where she appeared to promise big reforms
48
How long was Elizabeth's reign?
44 years
49
Elizabeth could not marry a Catholic because ...
England was now a Protestant country after the split from Rome under Henry viii
50
What religion were the majority of parliamentarians?
Protestants
51
3 facts that are about Mary Queen of Scots
| Marriage
- Mary was married to the heir to the French throne but he died
- Mary's second husband was Lord was Lord Darnley
- Mary Queen of Scots was next in line for the English throne
52
When was Marry accused of Killing Lord Darnley?
1567
53
Another 3 facts about Mary Queen of Scots
| council
- Lot's of privy councillors wanted Mary to be executed
- Mary was a Catholic figurehead.
- Mary was seen as a threat to the stability of the crown and Elizabeth
54
The Casket Letters (writings between Mary and the Earl of Bothwell) were used in the .....
Lord Darnley inquiry
55
The Abdication of Mary Queen of Scots:
1 - Accused of murdering her second husband, Lord Darnley in 1567
2- Married the Earl of Bothwell a few months later
3 - The Scottish nobles rebelled against Mary
4 - Mary fled to England and abdicated
56
The Casket letters suggested that Marry Queen of Scots and Bothwell were both ...
guilty of Murder
57
Name 2 plots that influenced Elizabeth's treatment of Mary
- The Northern Rebellion of 1569
| - The Babington plot of 1586
58
How many years was Mary held captive in England for?
19
59
Which of the following statements about Elizabeth's attitude to marriage are correct?
- By marrying Elizabeth risked losing her power as a Monarch
- Elizabeth could not marry a Catholic because England was Protestant
60
Who elected the members of the House of Commons?
Property-owning men
61
What was the name of the MP who was arrested 3 times for suggesting that MP's should be allowed to express their views on any matter they wanted?
Peter Wentworth
62
What religious group in parliament caused trouble for Elizabeth and pressed to change the Church of England?
Puritans
63
Who became King of Scotland after Mary Queen of Scots abdicated?
James i
64
What factors contributed to strained relations between relations between Elizabeth and Parliament?
- Elizabeth was criticized by some MP's for using monopolies
- The Queen did not want parliament to find her a husband
65
Why agree with the statement:
"The execution of Marry Queen of Scots was uncalled for"
- Mary Queen of Scots had been the source of 4 plots against Elizabeth's life. Therefore, Mary Queen of Scots seriously threatened the stability of Elizabeth's rule. As such, we will argue that her execution was called for.
- Mary Queen of Scots was the focus of several plots aimed to overthrow Elizabeth. Mary was the focus of the Northern Rebellion in 1569, the Ridolfi Plot in 1572, the Throckmorton Plot Plot in 1583 and the Babington Plot in 1586. All of these plots demonstrate that Catholics were willing to kill Elizabeth in order to put Mary on the throne. The execution of Mary Queen of Scots was the only way to stop these plots and protect Elizabeth. As Mary Queen of Scots was the focal point for various plots and rebellions, Elizabeth had to execute her to stop these threats to her own life. For this reason, her execution was called for.
- Mary Queen of Scots was found guilty of treason. Mary was found guilty of conspiring in the Babington Plot. Treason was sufficient reason for Elizabeth to order Mary's execution.
66
Why disagree with the statement:
"The execution of Marry Queen of Scots was uncalled for"
- Elizabeth did not have to cave in the pressure from the Privy Council and execute Mary. However, she refused and kept Marry alive in England for 19 years. We could argue that imprisonment was sufficient punishment for Mary Queen Scots. Given that Mary was already imprisoned, it was arguably unnecessary to execute her.
- The execution of Mary Queen of Scots may of triggered Spain (supported by the pope) to attack England. The execution of Mary Queen of Scots may of been uncalled for because it had the potential to motivative a Catholic country to wage war with England.
-
67
When was Elizabeth excommunicated from the Church?
1570
68
How long was Mary Queen of Scots imprisoned for?
19 years
69
When was the Northern Rebellion?
1569
70
After which plot was Mary Queen of Scots executed?
The Babington Plot
71
Why did Henry viii want to divorce Catherine of Aragon?
To produce a male heir
72
Henry viii wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon and marry ...
Anne Boleyn
73
What did not Henry viii consider himself as?
A protestant - His six Articles (passed in 1539) suggest that he wanted Catholic worship to continue in England.
74
Henry viii's reformation?
- Henry viii translated the Bible into the vernacular (English)
- Henry viii's son, Edward, was raised as a Protestant
- Thomas Cromwell was Protestant
75
How old was Edward Vi when he came to power?
9 years old
76
Henry viii wanted to produce a male heir to continue the Tudor ....
dynasty
77
Henry viii' became very rich as he took the wealth of ...
monasteries across England.
78
What did Catholics believe when a process where the bread and wine of communion turned into the body and blood of Christ as it was eaten/drunk
transubstantiation
79
Elizabeth's religious settlement:
What is 'The Act of Uniformity'
The Act of Uniformity said that services should be held in English, using the Book of Common Prayer
80
Elizabeth's religious settlement:
What is in the 'Act of Supremacy',
In the Act of Supremacy, Elizabeth styled herself 'governor' of the Church of England
81
Elizabeth's religious settlement:
what were Catholics free to do?
Catholics were free to worship how they wanted in private.
82
When was the Acts of Uniformity and Supremacy?
1559
83
When was the 'Statute of Confinement'
1593
84
What was the 'Statute of Confinement'
Banned 'recusants' (people who didn't attend Church that were usually Catholic) from going further than 5 miles from their house.
85
What religion were Jesuits
Catholic
86
Who questioned the need for bishops at all, and often criticized the meeting during prophesyings (religious meetings)
Presbyterians
87
Notable Puritans:
1 - John Field was banned from preaching in 1580
2 - Elizabeth suspected Edmund Grindal, the Archbishop of Canterbury, for encouraging prophesyings
3 - Anthony Cope was imprisoned in the Tower of London
88
What religion were the Pope and the rulers of France and Spain?
Catholic
89
What book was used for services after the Act of Uniformity?
The Book of Common Prayer
90
By what year had puritan bishops agreed to wear the ceremonial robe of the Church of England?
1568
91
Who believed in transubstantiation
Catholics
92
In what year was the Act of Supremacy passed in England?
1559
93
What title did Elizabeth give herself in the Act of Supremacy?
Supreme Governor of the Church of England
94
What did the Act of Uniformity say about religion in England?
- Service should be in English and use the Book of Common prayer.
- Catholics could keep some decorations and vestments
95
The church had great influence in society because almost everyone attended at least once per ....
week - The church was also in control of Schools and organised social events for the local community
96
The hanging of (?religion?) preacher Edmund Campion in 1580 had a negative impact on Elizabeth's reputation. Her actions seemed harsh because Campion was a popular preacher.
Jesuit
97
Elizabeth's tolerance for Catholics decreased throughout her reign. Over time, Elizabeth saw Catholics as a more serious threat as she dealt with a war against...
Catholic Spain and counter-reformation missionaries at home.
98
In 1585, Catholic priests who had started practising after 1559 were considered....
traitors and could be put to death.
99
What was different about Puritans?
- Their services were simple, and they rejected ceremony. They wore simple clothing and studied the bible very closely
- Only by 1568 did they agree to wear the ceremonial robe, or surplice, of the Church of England.
100
What would support the argument that the Catholic threat was greater than the Puritan threat?
- The catholic nobility had organised rebellion against Elizabeth i
- England faced invasion from foreign Catholic nations
101
Who refused to stop prophesying?
Archbishop of Canterbury
102
When was the Northern Rebellion?
1569
103
The revolt of the Northern Earls:
1 - The two Earls held an illegal Catholic mass in Durham Cathedral
2 - 4600 men marched with them as they headed south
3- The loyalist Earl of Sussex raised troops against them and they dispersed
104
Which organisation helped to run the North of England?
Council of the North
105
The Throckmorton plot:
1 - English Catholics would rebel
2 - French troops would invade England
3 - The Pope and Philip ii of Spain would bankroll the operation
106
What happened to the Duke of Norfolk after the Ridolfi Plot?
He was executed
107
Which plot was the final straw for Mary (it led to her execution)
Babington
108
3 facts about Mary Queen of Scots' trial
- As a Scot, she believed she could not be found guilty of treason
- Elizabeth hesitated about signing the death warrant
- Mary was angry that she had not been shown the evidence against her
109
In the Northern Rebellion, two northern noblemen, the Earl of Westmorland and the Earl of Northumberland, led a
rebellion to Elizabeth
110
All English nobles had to sign the Bond of association after the Throckmorton Plot. This said that ...
anyone trying to assassinate or overthrow the Queen would be executed.
111
When was the Revolt of the Northern Earls?
1569
112
3 facts of Mary's execution:
- The execution took place at Fotheringhay Castle
- The Earls of Kent and Shrewsbury witnessed the execution on Queen Elizabeth's behalf
- King James of Scotland accepted Elizabeth's apology for the execution
113
3 facts of the Ridolfi Plot:
- Mary Queen of Scots would marry the Duke of Norfolk
- Ridolfi would kill Elizabeth
- The Pope and King Philip ii of Spain both supported the Plot
114
When did Spain take control of Lisbon
1580
115
List the main reasons for poor relations with Spain:
- Philip ii and his relations to English Queens
- Catholicism was the main religion in Spain
- The Netherlands was a point of Conflict
- English Privateers raided Spanish ports
116
What was the raid of Cadiz?
- Happened in 1587
- Led by Sir Francis Drake
- Destroyed 25 - 35 Spanish ships during this incident and harmed their building of their Armada
- The raid on Cadiz become known as the 'singeing of the King of Spain's beard'
117
Who had the more experienced sailors?
England
118
English privateers like Sir Francis Drake traded with Spain's American colonies. These privateers raided ...
Spanish boats and stole their treasure.
119
3 facts about the Armada:
- The Armada left in May, but bad weather meant that they did not arrive until July
- The Armada was led by the Duke of Medina Sidonia
- The Spanish fleet reached Cornwall in July. Beacons were lit all up the English coast
120
Why did Philip invade?
England had interfered in the Spanish Netherlands
121
Why did Elizabeth sign the Treaty of Nonsuch?
- Commercial importance ports to England
- To support Protestants
- To limit the growth of the power of King Philip ii of Spain
122
How many months was the Armada delayed due to the raid on Cadiz?
12
123
Explain The battle of Gravelines:
- Happened on the 8th of August 1588
- Firing from 100 meters away, the English damaged many Spanish ships
- The Duke of Medina- Sidonia turned his ships around to head for home
- This attack coincided with a storm, which blew the Armada off course
- Only 65 ships made it back to Spain
124
What did the Spanish Armada launch to invade England via the Netherlands?
(Date when this attack happened: 1588)
Philip ii launched 151 ships, 7,000 sailors and 34,000 soldiers to invade England via the Netherlands.
125
William Shakespeare was a leading playwright of Elizabethan age. He produced many new plays each year which were performed at the ...
Globe Theatre in London (Southwark)
126
Facts about people opposition (against) to theatre:
- Puritans believed the theatre distracted people from prayer, or even as sinful
- Other believed that large crowds could lead to the spread of disease
- Theatres could be dangerous, as many members of the audience were drunk and crimes were committed
127
Approximately how many people were in the royal court?
1,000
128
3 facts about Elizabethan football?
- Different villages sometimes played each other
- There was no limit on the number of player
- Poor people did not have much leisure time
129
Grammar schools were for upper class children from the ages of .....
7 to 14
130
Sports of the Nobility:
- Hunting
- Tennis
- Fencing
131
Facts about Petty Schools:
- Taught reading, writing and maths
- No official curriculum and most schools didn't have many resources
- No classes or year groups
- Run by wealthy people or local priests
132
Most Elizabethans worked Monday-Saturday and in the very religious society, went to ....
church on Sunday
133
3 facts about Elizabethan theatre:
- Many plays carried political messages and hidden critiques of the ruling classes
- The roof, the 'heavens', housed ropes and pulleys for dramatic entrances
- Theatre was affordable for all
134
In 1541, the English population was 2.8 million people. By 1600, it was
4.1 million
135
Women from the gentry wore dresses with a large skirt supported by a hoop, with full-length .....
sleeves
136
An emerging Social class:
- The 'gentry' were a group of wealthy landowners beneath the noble classes
- They often become MP's or Justices of the Peace (JPs)
- They often wore fabrics such as silk, velvet and lace
137
'Small farms where each farmer grew only enough for themselves.' What does this phase describe?
Subsistence farms
138
Women from the gentry wore dresses with a large skirt supported by a hoop, with full-length....
sleeves
139
Food prices and population growth:
- Farmers struggled to produce more food
- Living standards fell for workers because food prices rose faster than wages
- Most people's living standards did not increase
- Lots of farmers bred sheep for their wool instead of grain
140
3 facts about poverty under Elizabeth
- Food shortages increased prices, leading to inflation
- Farming sheep needed less workers
- Keeping livestock became more common than growing crops
141
The country's population increased from 2.8 million to 4 million during Elizabeth reign, leading to a
housing shortage and higher rents
142
Views of poverty under Elizabeth
- Charities and almhouses to assist the poor became more common
- People began to understand that paupers were not blame from their own poverty
- People did not trust beggars, who were seen as having no interest in honest work
143
Warning Against Vagabonds:
- Written in 1567
- Written by Thomas Harman
- Helped to spread the view that Vagabonds were tricksters
- Described vagabonds like Tom O'Bedlam (a beggar who pretended to be mad)
144
What was the name of Thomas Harman's 1567 book?
Warning Against Vagabonds
145
The groups of the poor:
- The helpless poor (sick and old)
- The able-bodied poor, who were required to work in order to get food
- The idle poor, who were sent to the House of Correction
146
When was the Poor Law passed?
1601
147
People who didn't have jobs in Elizabethan society were called ...
Paupers - During the Elizabethan age, poverty increased significantly
148
When did Columbus discover America?
1492
149
trades under Elizabeth:
- Spanish colonies rich in precious materials such as gold and silver
- As relations with Spain got worse, trading through Antiwerp became harder
- Countries wanted to trade with Spain's colonies
150
In 1550, most of England's trade was exporting wool to ....
Antiwerp (which was controlled by Spain)
151
Martin Cortes' book "The Art of Navigation" (translated into English in the 1560's) told how to...
to navigate the Atlantic Ocean to America.
152
Name 3 Elizabethans British Explorers:
- Sir Walter Raleigh
- John Hawkins
- Sir Francis Drake
153
John Hawkins' actions were an example of what?
The European slave trade
154
3 facts about Elizabethan exploration:
- The Spanish and Portuguese had the best colonies and strategic position in the Americas
- Between, 1577-1580, Drake become the first British person to circumnavigate the globe
- Drake raided Spanish ports in the Americas
