GCSE PE PAPER 1 Flashcards
What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?
- Protection of vital organs
- Muscle Attachment
- Joints for movement
- Storage of calcium and phosphorus
- Red and white blood cells production
What is protections of vital organs ?
The skeleton helps prevent injury during sport
e.g Ribcage protects organs like the heart , in rugby the ribcage is important so when your getting tackled the heart does not get damaged
What is joints for movement ?
Joints is where two or more bones meet
Essential for creating movement, allow small precise movements
Neck, shoulder, elbow, wrist , knees , ankle
What is a joint ?
A joint is where two or more bones meet.
What is muscle Attachment ?
When muscles contract they pull on bones which creates movement
Muscle - Bone = Tendon
Muscle - Muscle = Ligament
What is storage of calcium and phosphorus?
Calcium and phosphorus are important for developing and maintaining strong and healthy bones which is needed for sport
sources milk, cheese and yogurt
What is Red and White blood cell production
Some bones in the body have hallow centres that hold bone marrow
Bone marrow makes most of the cells blood including red and white blood cells and platelets
When oxygen levels in blood is reduced or number of red blood cells is produced the more bone marrow creates more
the more red blood cells the more oxygen.
What is a platelet?
Platelets cause blood to clot
What is plasma?
plasma causes blood to become more liquid which is needed so the blood can be transported around the body.
The vertabre column
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacrum Coccyx
What is a long bone ?
longer than they are wide
e.g femur , tibia, fibula, clavicle
They act as levers and when muscles contract and pull movement is created
What is a short bone ?
Roughly same size in length width and thickness
e.g only short bones are carpals and tarsals in ankle
These bones are associated with WEIGHT BEARING and spreading loads
sorting examples - gymnastics , running, tennis and dancing
What is a flat bone ?
Responsible for protection of vital organs.
e.g ribs protect heart and lungs and cranium protects brain.
Having large surface areas for muscles to attach to.
e.g scapula has 3 main muscle groups attached
scapula
pelvis
cranium
What are irregular bones ?
Have peculiar shapes and perform range of functions
e.g vertabrae column.
Hinge Joint
only allows forward and backward movement
like a hinge on door , e.g KNEE and ELBOW
Ball and socket joints
Allows movement in all direction and also rotation
E.g HIPS and SHOULDER
Pivot joint
Allow bones to rotate , pivot joint has a ring of bone that fits over bone protrusion.
e.g joint between ATLAS and AXIS in neck which allows you to shake your head
NECK
Condyloid joint
Allow flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
E.g WRIST , ANKLE
ankle - Dorsi/Plantar flexion
What is Extension
EXTENSION - increasing angle at joint
Flexion
FLEXION - decreasing angle at joint
Adduction
Movement that pulls toward midline of the body
E.g enter diving
Abduction
Movement that pulls away from midline of the body.
E.g trampolining when gaining height.
Circumduction
Mix of all movement in conal shapes.
E.g swimming front stroke
cricket bowel
step over in football
Plantar Flexionwhat is planatar
Extending toes away from the shin
E.g jumping - toes leaving ground last
gymnastics.
Dorsi- Flexion
Bending toes toes upward bring close towards shin
E.g Drop kick in rugby chipping goal keeper
trampolining
squatting
Muscle fibre Slow Twitch (Type 1 )
- Darker in colour due to myglobin
- Suited to ENDURANCE ATHLETES (AEROBIC) e,g long distance, running, cycling.
- Low force production
- High resistance to fatigue
Fast Twitch (Type IIx)
- Suited to speed/power events (ANAEROBIC) E.g 100M sprint, weight lifting explosive actions - Lighter in colour due to lack of oxygen - low resistance to fatigue - High force reproduction - Thick muscle fibre - Low blood supply - fatigue really quickly
Fast Twitch (Type IIa)
(ANAEROBIC)
- Pink n colour
- Medium force production
- Medium resistance
- Can be trained
Haemoglobin
Red pigment that transports oxygen to muscles
Myglobin
Oxygen bonding protein in muscle fibres
Involuntary Muscles
Muscles that we do not control
contract unconsciously
E.g smooth muscles
voluntary muscles
Muscles we control
Voluntary muscles are skeletal muscles that contract and relax under conscious control. These muscles attach to bones and regulate movement of the body.
E.g bicep, tricep
Antagonistic pairs
when one muscle contracts and the other relaxes or lengthens. Agonist - muscle contracting antagonist - muscles that relaxes E.g bicep, tricep quadricep, hamstring tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius
Functions of the Cardio vascular system
transport of oxygen,
carbon dioxide and nutrients, clotting of open wounds,
regulation of body temperature
What is vascular shunting?
vascular shunting is the redistribution of blood to working muscles areas in the body.
What is vasodilation ?
widening of arteries blood vessels to allow more oxygen to pass through and less lactic acid to build up.
what is vasoconstriction
Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of blood vessels
minimises heat loss.
It happens when smooth muscles in blood vessel walls tighten.
Function and importance of red and white blood cells,
platelets and plasma for physical activity and sport
Red blood cells - needed as they carry oxygen
white blood cells - defence mechanism fight of disease
platelets - clot the blood prevents bleeding out
plasma - makes blood more liquid
Heart Rate
Number of times the heart beat per minute.
Max Heart Rate
Max Heat Rate = 220 - Age
HR Reserve
Max HR - Resting Heart Rate
Target Heart Rate
HR Reserve x Intensity % + Resting Heart Rate
Stroke volume
The amount of blood pumped out the left ventricle per beat.
Cardiac output
Amount of blood pumped out the heart per minute.
Cardiac Output Formula
Cardiac Output(Q) = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
Explain the functions of the alveoli
1 cell thick to aid gaseous exchange
Larger surface area to produce more oxygen
surrounded by Network of capillaries - more oxygen can come
When you breathe in ?
Diaphragm contracts and flattens
intercostal muscles contract air diffuses from high to low concentration
lungs increase in size
so pressure falls
When you breathe out.
Intercostal muscles relax diaphragm relaxes and bulges lungs decrease in size pressure inside increases air is pushed back u the trachea
Tidal volume
The amount of air inspired and expired at normal breath at rest or exercise
Vital capacity
max volume of air you can inspire and expire into lungs.
Oxygen debt
the amount of oxygen needed to recover after anaerobic exercise
Oxygen debt
the amount of oxygen needed to recover after anaerobic exercise
Fracture
crack or break in the body
compound fracture
when boe comes throught the skin and bledding may occur
simple fracture
simple fracture is when skin over bone is not broken
green stick fracture
when the bone bends rather than breaks
common in young children
