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GCSE PE > GCSE PE PAPER 1 > Flashcards

GCSE PE PAPER 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?

A
  1. Protection of vital organs
  2. Muscle Attachment
  3. Joints for movement
  4. Storage of calcium and phosphorus
  5. Red and white blood cells production
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2
Q

What is protections of vital organs ?

A

The skeleton helps prevent injury during sport
e.g Ribcage protects organs like the heart , in rugby the ribcage is important so when your getting tackled the heart does not get damaged

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3
Q

What is joints for movement ?

A

Joints is where two or more bones meet
Essential for creating movement, allow small precise movements
Neck, shoulder, elbow, wrist , knees , ankle

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4
Q

What is a joint ?

A

A joint is where two or more bones meet.

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5
Q

What is muscle Attachment ?

A

When muscles contract they pull on bones which creates movement
Muscle - Bone = Tendon
Muscle - Muscle = Ligament

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6
Q

What is storage of calcium and phosphorus?

A

Calcium and phosphorus are important for developing and maintaining strong and healthy bones which is needed for sport
sources milk, cheese and yogurt

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7
Q

What is Red and White blood cell production

A

Some bones in the body have hallow centres that hold bone marrow
Bone marrow makes most of the cells blood including red and white blood cells and platelets
When oxygen levels in blood is reduced or number of red blood cells is produced the more bone marrow creates more
the more red blood cells the more oxygen.

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8
Q

What is a platelet?

A

Platelets cause blood to clot

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9
Q

What is plasma?

A

plasma causes blood to become more liquid which is needed so the blood can be transported around the body.

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10
Q

The vertabre column

A 
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx
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11
Q

What is a long bone ?

A

longer than they are wide
e.g femur , tibia, fibula, clavicle
They act as levers and when muscles contract and pull movement is created

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12
Q

What is a short bone ?

A

Roughly same size in length width and thickness
e.g only short bones are carpals and tarsals in ankle
These bones are associated with WEIGHT BEARING and spreading loads
sorting examples - gymnastics , running, tennis and dancing

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13
Q

What is a flat bone ?

A

Responsible for protection of vital organs.
e.g ribs protect heart and lungs and cranium protects brain.
Having large surface areas for muscles to attach to.
e.g scapula has 3 main muscle groups attached
scapula
pelvis
cranium

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14
Q

What are irregular bones ?

A

Have peculiar shapes and perform range of functions

e.g vertabrae column.

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15
Q

Hinge Joint

A

only allows forward and backward movement

like a hinge on door , e.g KNEE and ELBOW

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16
Q

Ball and socket joints

A

Allows movement in all direction and also rotation

E.g HIPS and SHOULDER

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17
Q

Pivot joint

A

Allow bones to rotate , pivot joint has a ring of bone that fits over bone protrusion.
e.g joint between ATLAS and AXIS in neck which allows you to shake your head
NECK

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18
Q

Condyloid joint

A

Allow flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
E.g WRIST , ANKLE
ankle - Dorsi/Plantar flexion

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19
Q

What is Extension

A

EXTENSION - increasing angle at joint

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20
Q

Flexion

A

FLEXION - decreasing angle at joint

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21
Q

Adduction

A

Movement that pulls toward midline of the body

E.g enter diving

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22
Q

Abduction

A

Movement that pulls away from midline of the body.

E.g trampolining when gaining height.

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23
Q

Circumduction

A

Mix of all movement in conal shapes.
E.g swimming front stroke
cricket bowel
step over in football

24
Q

Plantar Flexionwhat is planatar

A

Extending toes away from the shin
E.g jumping - toes leaving ground last
gymnastics.

25
Q

Dorsi- Flexion

A

Bending toes toes upward bring close towards shin
E.g Drop kick in rugby chipping goal keeper
trampolining
squatting

26
Q 
Muscle fibre 
Slow Twitch (Type 1 )
A
  • Darker in colour due to myglobin
  • Suited to ENDURANCE ATHLETES (AEROBIC) e,g long distance, running, cycling.
  • Low force production
  • High resistance to fatigue
27
Q

Fast Twitch (Type IIx)

A 
- Suited to speed/power events 
(ANAEROBIC)
E.g 100M sprint, weight lifting explosive actions 
- Lighter in colour due to lack of oxygen 
- low resistance to fatigue 
- High force reproduction 
- Thick muscle fibre
- Low blood supply 
- fatigue really quickly
28
Q

Fast Twitch (Type IIa)

A

(ANAEROBIC)

  • Pink n colour
  • Medium force production
  • Medium resistance
  • Can be trained
29
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Red pigment that transports oxygen to muscles

30
Q

Myglobin

A

Oxygen bonding protein in muscle fibres

31
Q

Involuntary Muscles

A

Muscles that we do not control
contract unconsciously
E.g smooth muscles

32
Q

voluntary muscles

A

Muscles we control
Voluntary muscles are skeletal muscles that contract and relax under conscious control. These muscles attach to bones and regulate movement of the body.
E.g bicep, tricep

33
Q

Antagonistic pairs

A 
when one muscle contracts and the other relaxes or lengthens.
Agonist - muscle contracting 
antagonist - muscles that relaxes
E.g bicep, tricep
quadricep, hamstring 
tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius
34
Q

Functions of the Cardio vascular system

A

transport of oxygen,
carbon dioxide and nutrients, clotting of open wounds,
regulation of body temperature

35
Q

What is vascular shunting?

A

vascular shunting is the redistribution of blood to working muscles areas in the body.

36
Q

What is vasodilation ?

A

widening of arteries blood vessels to allow more oxygen to pass through and less lactic acid to build up.

37
Q

what is vasoconstriction

A

Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of blood vessels
minimises heat loss.
It happens when smooth muscles in blood vessel walls tighten.

38
Q

Function and importance of red and white blood cells,

platelets and plasma for physical activity and sport

A

Red blood cells - needed as they carry oxygen
white blood cells - defence mechanism fight of disease
platelets - clot the blood prevents bleeding out
plasma - makes blood more liquid

39
Q

Heart Rate

A

Number of times the heart beat per minute.

40
Q

Max Heart Rate

A

Max Heat Rate = 220 - Age

41
Q

HR Reserve

A

Max HR - Resting Heart Rate

42
Q

Target Heart Rate

A

HR Reserve x Intensity % + Resting Heart Rate

43
Q

Stroke volume

A

The amount of blood pumped out the left ventricle per beat.

44
Q

Cardiac output

A

Amount of blood pumped out the heart per minute.

45
Q

Cardiac Output Formula

A

Cardiac Output(Q) = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

46
Q

Explain the functions of the alveoli

A

1 cell thick to aid gaseous exchange
Larger surface area to produce more oxygen
surrounded by Network of capillaries - more oxygen can come

47
Q

When you breathe in ?

A

Diaphragm contracts and flattens
intercostal muscles contract air diffuses from high to low concentration
lungs increase in size
so pressure falls

48
Q

When you breathe out.

A 
Intercostal muscles relax
diaphragm relaxes and bulges 
lungs decrease in size 
pressure inside increases 
air is pushed back u the trachea
49
Q

Tidal volume

A

The amount of air inspired and expired at normal breath at rest or exercise

50
Q

Vital capacity

A

max volume of air you can inspire and expire into lungs.

51
Q

Oxygen debt

A

the amount of oxygen needed to recover after anaerobic exercise

52
Q

Oxygen debt

A

the amount of oxygen needed to recover after anaerobic exercise

53
Q

Fracture

A

crack or break in the body

54
Q

compound fracture

A

when boe comes throught the skin and bledding may occur

55
Q

simple fracture

A

simple fracture is when skin over bone is not broken

56
Q

green stick fracture

A

when the bone bends rather than breaks

common in young children

GCSE PE (2 decks)

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