GCSE PE PAPER 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?

A
  1. Protection of vital organs
  2. Muscle Attachment
  3. Joints for movement
  4. Storage of calcium and phosphorus
  5. Red and white blood cells production
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2
Q

What is protections of vital organs ?

A

The skeleton helps prevent injury during sport
e.g Ribcage protects organs like the heart , in rugby the ribcage is important so when your getting tackled the heart does not get damaged

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3
Q

What is joints for movement ?

A

Joints is where two or more bones meet
Essential for creating movement, allow small precise movements
Neck, shoulder, elbow, wrist , knees , ankle

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4
Q

What is a joint ?

A

A joint is where two or more bones meet.

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5
Q

What is muscle Attachment ?

A

When muscles contract they pull on bones which creates movement
Muscle - Bone = Tendon
Muscle - Muscle = Ligament

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6
Q

What is storage of calcium and phosphorus?

A

Calcium and phosphorus are important for developing and maintaining strong and healthy bones which is needed for sport
sources milk, cheese and yogurt

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7
Q

What is Red and White blood cell production

A

Some bones in the body have hallow centres that hold bone marrow
Bone marrow makes most of the cells blood including red and white blood cells and platelets
When oxygen levels in blood is reduced or number of red blood cells is produced the more bone marrow creates more
the more red blood cells the more oxygen.

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8
Q

What is a platelet?

A

Platelets cause blood to clot

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9
Q

What is plasma?

A

plasma causes blood to become more liquid which is needed so the blood can be transported around the body.

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10
Q

The vertabre column

A
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx
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11
Q

What is a long bone ?

A

longer than they are wide
e.g femur , tibia, fibula, clavicle
They act as levers and when muscles contract and pull movement is created

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12
Q

What is a short bone ?

A

Roughly same size in length width and thickness
e.g only short bones are carpals and tarsals in ankle
These bones are associated with WEIGHT BEARING and spreading loads
sorting examples - gymnastics , running, tennis and dancing

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13
Q

What is a flat bone ?

A

Responsible for protection of vital organs.
e.g ribs protect heart and lungs and cranium protects brain.
Having large surface areas for muscles to attach to.
e.g scapula has 3 main muscle groups attached
scapula
pelvis
cranium

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14
Q

What are irregular bones ?

A

Have peculiar shapes and perform range of functions

e.g vertabrae column.

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15
Q

Hinge Joint

A

only allows forward and backward movement

like a hinge on door , e.g KNEE and ELBOW

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16
Q

Ball and socket joints

A

Allows movement in all direction and also rotation

E.g HIPS and SHOULDER

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17
Q

Pivot joint

A

Allow bones to rotate , pivot joint has a ring of bone that fits over bone protrusion.
e.g joint between ATLAS and AXIS in neck which allows you to shake your head
NECK

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18
Q

Condyloid joint

A

Allow flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
E.g WRIST , ANKLE
ankle - Dorsi/Plantar flexion

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19
Q

What is Extension

A

EXTENSION - increasing angle at joint

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20
Q

Flexion

A

FLEXION - decreasing angle at joint

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21
Q

Adduction

A

Movement that pulls toward midline of the body

E.g enter diving

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22
Q

Abduction

A

Movement that pulls away from midline of the body.

E.g trampolining when gaining height.

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23
Q

Circumduction

A

Mix of all movement in conal shapes.
E.g swimming front stroke
cricket bowel
step over in football

24
Q

Plantar Flexionwhat is planatar

A

Extending toes away from the shin
E.g jumping - toes leaving ground last
gymnastics.

25
Dorsi- Flexion
Bending toes toes upward bring close towards shin E.g Drop kick in rugby chipping goal keeper trampolining squatting
26
``` Muscle fibre Slow Twitch (Type 1 ) ```
- Darker in colour due to myglobin - Suited to ENDURANCE ATHLETES (AEROBIC) e,g long distance, running, cycling. - Low force production - High resistance to fatigue
27
Fast Twitch (Type IIx)
``` - Suited to speed/power events (ANAEROBIC) E.g 100M sprint, weight lifting explosive actions - Lighter in colour due to lack of oxygen - low resistance to fatigue - High force reproduction - Thick muscle fibre - Low blood supply - fatigue really quickly ```
28
Fast Twitch (Type IIa)
(ANAEROBIC) - Pink n colour - Medium force production - Medium resistance - Can be trained
29
Haemoglobin
Red pigment that transports oxygen to muscles
30
Myglobin
Oxygen bonding protein in muscle fibres
31
Involuntary Muscles
Muscles that we do not control contract unconsciously E.g smooth muscles
32
voluntary muscles
Muscles we control Voluntary muscles are skeletal muscles that contract and relax under conscious control. These muscles attach to bones and regulate movement of the body. E.g bicep, tricep
33
Antagonistic pairs
``` when one muscle contracts and the other relaxes or lengthens. Agonist - muscle contracting antagonist - muscles that relaxes E.g bicep, tricep quadricep, hamstring tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius ```
34
Functions of the Cardio vascular system
transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients, clotting of open wounds, regulation of body temperature
35
What is vascular shunting?
vascular shunting is the redistribution of blood to working muscles areas in the body.
36
What is vasodilation ?
widening of arteries blood vessels to allow more oxygen to pass through and less lactic acid to build up.
37
what is vasoconstriction
Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of blood vessels minimises heat loss. It happens when smooth muscles in blood vessel walls tighten.
38
Function and importance of red and white blood cells, | platelets and plasma for physical activity and sport
Red blood cells - needed as they carry oxygen white blood cells - defence mechanism fight of disease platelets - clot the blood prevents bleeding out plasma - makes blood more liquid
39
Heart Rate
Number of times the heart beat per minute.
40
Max Heart Rate
Max Heat Rate = 220 - Age
41
HR Reserve
Max HR - Resting Heart Rate
42
Target Heart Rate
HR Reserve x Intensity % + Resting Heart Rate
43
Stroke volume
The amount of blood pumped out the left ventricle per beat.
44
Cardiac output
Amount of blood pumped out the heart per minute.
45
Cardiac Output Formula
Cardiac Output(Q) = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
46
Explain the functions of the alveoli
1 cell thick to aid gaseous exchange Larger surface area to produce more oxygen surrounded by Network of capillaries - more oxygen can come
47
When you breathe in ?
Diaphragm contracts and flattens intercostal muscles contract air diffuses from high to low concentration lungs increase in size so pressure falls
48
When you breathe out.
``` Intercostal muscles relax diaphragm relaxes and bulges lungs decrease in size pressure inside increases air is pushed back u the trachea ```
49
Tidal volume
The amount of air inspired and expired at normal breath at rest or exercise
50
Vital capacity
max volume of air you can inspire and expire into lungs.
51
Oxygen debt
the amount of oxygen needed to recover after anaerobic exercise
52
Oxygen debt
the amount of oxygen needed to recover after anaerobic exercise
53
Fracture
crack or break in the body
54
compound fracture
when boe comes throught the skin and bledding may occur
55
simple fracture
simple fracture is when skin over bone is not broken
56
green stick fracture
when the bone bends rather than breaks | common in young children