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Gcse Combined Science 2022 > Gcse Biology Paper 1 Organisation > Flashcards

Gcse Biology Paper 1 Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells with a similar structure and function, which all work together to do a job.

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2
Q

Examples of tissues

A
  • muscle tissue contracts to produce movement
  • glandular tissue produces substances such as enzymes and hormones
  • epithelial tissue covers organs
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3
Q

Organs

A

Groups of different tissues, which all work together to perform a specific job.Each may contain several tissues.

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4
Q

Organs systems

A

Groups of organs working together to do a particular job.The digestive system is an example of it, in which several organs work together to digest and absorb food.Lots of them work together to make an organism.

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5
Q

Stomach

A

An organ that contains:

  • muscle tissue that contracts to churn the contents
  • glandular tissue to produce digestive juices
  • epithelial tissue to cover the outside and inside of the stomach
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6
Q

Enzymes

A

-They are biological catalysts
- they speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.
They have a number of properties:
- they are all large proteins.
- each of it catalyses a specific reaction.

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7
Q

Active site

A

A space within the protein molecule of the enzyme.

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8
Q

Optimum

A

Where enzymes work best at a specific temperature and pH.

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9
Q

Lock and key theory

A

model used to explain how enzymes work: the chemical that reacts is called the substrate (key) and it fits into the enzyme’s active site (lock).

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10
Q

Denaturing

A

Where high temperature and extremes of pH make enzymes change shape.The enzyme cannot work once it has been denatured, because the substrate cannot fit into the active site - the lock and key no longer fit together.

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11
Q

Digestive Enzymes

A

Produced by specialised cells in glands and in the lining of the gut:- the enzymes pass out of the cells into the digestive system.- they come into contact with food molecules.- they catalyse the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble molecules.

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12
Q

Examples of digestive enzymes

A
  • Protease: digest proteins
  • Lipase: digest lipids (fats and oils)
  • Carbohydrase: digest carbohydrates
  • These are to produce smaller molecules that can be easily absorbed into the bloodstream.
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13
Q

Amylase

A
  • is produced in the salivary glands and the pancreas

- is a carbohydrase that breaks down starch into sugar (maltose).Used to build new carbohydrates.

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14
Q

Protease

A
  • is produced in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine

- breaks down proteins into peptides or amino acids.Used to build new proteins.

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15
Q

Lipase

A
  • is produced in the pancreas and small intestine

- breaks down lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol.Used to build new lipids.

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16
Q

Bile

A
  • It is a liquid made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.
  • It is alkaline to neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach.
  • It also emulsifies fat to form small droplets, increasing the surface area for enzymes to act on.
  • The alkaline conditions and large surface area increase the rate at which fat is broken down by lipase.
  • Does not contain any enzymes, so it does not digest fat molecules. It just breaks up fat droplets into smaller ones.
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17
Q

Good health

A

A state of physical and mental wellbeing.

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18
Q

Disease

A

Caused by part of the body not working properly.This can affect physical and / or mental health.Can be divided into two main types:

  • communicable- non-communicable
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19
Q

Examples of how different diseases can interact with each other

A
  • viruses infecting cells can be the trigger for cancers, such as cervical cancer.
  • diseases of the immune system mean that an individual is more likely to catch infectious diseases, e.g. people with HIV are more likely to get tuberculosis.
  • immune reactions triggered by a pathogen can cause allergies, such as skin rashes and asthma.
  • if a person is physically ill, this can lead to depression and mental illness.
  • poor diet, stress, and difficult life situations can increase the likelihood of developing certain diseases.
20
Q

Casual mechanism

A

The process by which a cause brings about an effect.

21
Q

Risk factor

A

-They make it more likely that a person will develop a certain disease.

-Non-communicable diseases are often caused by the interaction of a number of factors.
They can be:
- aspects of a person’s lifestyle

  • substances in the person’s body or environment
22
Q

Examples of diseases and their proven risk factors

A
  • Cardiovascular disease: lack of exercise / smoking / high intake of saturated fat
  • Type 2 diabetes: Obesity
  • Liver and brain damage: Excessive alcohol intake
  • Lung diseases, including lung cancer: Smoking
  • Skin cancer: Ionising radiation, e.g. UV
  • lightLow birth weight in babies: Smoking during pregnancy
  • Brain damage in babies: Excessive alcohol intake during pregnancy
23
Q

Coronary heart disease

A

-Layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries and narrow them.

  • Treatment for it include:
  • stents to keep the coronary arteries open.
  • statins to reduce blood cholesterol levels and slow down the rate at which fatty materials build up.
24
Q

Heart valve disease

A

In some people, heart valves may become faulty, developing a leak or preventing the valve from opening fully.Faulty valves can be replaced using biological or mechanical valves.

25
Q

Treatment for heart Failure

A
  • a donor heart, or heart and lungs, can be transplanted
  • artificial hearts can be used to keep patients alive while waiting for a heart transplant or to allow the heart to recover
  • drugs such as clot-busting enzymes or warfarin are sometimes used to treat recovering patients, while statins can be given to lower cholesterol levels
26
Q

Cancer

A
  • It is a non-communicable disease,
  • Scientists have identified lifestyle risk factors for some types of cancer, e.g. smoking, obesity, common viruses and UV exposure.

-It is caused by uncontrolled cell division. This can form masses of cells called tumours.
There are two main types of tumours:
- benign tumours do not spread around the body

  • malignant tumours spread, in the blood, to different parts of the body where they form secondary tumours
27
Q

Blood

A

It is a tissue made of a liquid called plasma, which has three different components suspended to it:

  • red _____ cells
  • white _____ cells
  • platelets
  • It Transports various chemical substances around the body, such as the products of digestion, hormones, antibodies, urea and carbon dioxide.
28
Q

Red blood cells

A
  • contains haemoglobin, which binds to oxygen to transport it to lungs to the tissues and cells, which need it for respiration
  • do not contain a nucleus, so there is more room for haemoglobin
  • are very small, so they can fit through the tiny capillaries
  • are shaped like biconcave discs, giving them a large surface area that oxygen can quickly diffuse across.
29
Q

White blood cells

A
  • help to protect the body against infection

- can change shape, so they can squeeze out the blood vessels into the tissues or surround and engulf microorganisms.

30
Q

Platelets

A

Fragments of cells, which collect at wounds and trigger blood clotting.

31
Q

Arteries

A
  • take blood from your heart to your organs

- thick walls made from muscle and elastic fibres

32
Q

Veins

A
  • take blood from your organs to your heart- thinner walls and valves to prevent backflow
33
Q

Capillaries

A
  • allow substances needed by the cells to pass out of the blood
  • allow substances produced by the cells to pass into the blood
  • narrow, thin-walled blood vessels
34
Q

The heart

A
  • Pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system.
  • Blood passes through it twice on each circuit.
35
Q

There are 4 chambers of the heart

A
  • the left atrium and right atrium (upper chambers),

- and the left ventricle and right ventricle (lower chambers).

36
Q

Superior vena cava

A

A large vein that carries deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from the upper parts of the body.

37
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

A large vein that carries deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from the lower half of the body

38
Q

Right Atrium

A
  • Right upper chamber of the heart.

- It receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava

39
Q

Left Atrium

A
  • Left upper chamber of the heart.

- It receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary vein.

40
Q

Right Ventricle

A
  • Right lower chamber of the heart.

- It pumps the blood into the pulmonary artery to the lungs.

41
Q

Left Ventricle

A
  • Left lower chamber of the heart.

- It pumps the blood into the aorta and around the body.

42
Q

Aorta

A
  • Biggest and longest artery in the body.

- It carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the body.

43
Q

Vein

A

A blood vessel that usually carries deoxygenated blood; has a large lumen and valves

44
Q

Artery

A

A blood vessel that usually carries oxygenated blood, has a small lumen, and carries blood at a high pressure

45
Q

Capillaries

A

Blood vessels which have a narrow lumen to get close to body cell; are one cell thick to increase surface area for more efficient diffusion; have no valves.

46
Q

Stages of the heart

A
  • Blood enters the heart through the atria.
  • The atria contract and force blood into the ventricles.
  • The ventricles then contract and force blood out of the heart.
  • Valves make sure the blood flows in the correct direction.
  • The natural resting heart rate is controlled by a group of cells located in the right atrium, which act as a pacemaker.
  • Artificial pacemakers are electrical devices used to correct irregularities in the heart rate.
47
Q

Gaseous exchange

A
  • The heart sends blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
  • Air obtained by breathing reaches the lungs through the trachea (windpipe).

The trachea divides into two tubes
- the bronchi.
The bronchi divide to form bronchioles.

-The bronchioles divide until they end in tiny air sacs called alveoli.

•There are millions of alveoli and they are adapted to be very efficient at exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide:

  • they have a large, moist surface area
  • they have a very rich blood supply
  • they are very close to the blood capillaries, so the distance for gases to diffuse is small.

-The blood is taken back to the lungs through the pulmonary vein.

Gcse Combined Science 2022 (7 decks)

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