Gastrulation

Question 1

The process by which one group of cells or tissues causes another set of cells or tissues to change their fate?

Answer 1

Induction

Question 2

What produces the signal?

Answer 2

Inducer

Question 3

What responds to the signal?

Answer 3

Responder

Question 4

What is gastrulation?

Answer 4

Process by which the epiblast forms all 3 germ layers (ectoderm, mesoder, endoderm).

Question 5

What is the primitive streak?

Answer 5

Part of epiblast which orchestrates dorsal-ventral and cephalic-caudal axes

Question 6

What happens during invagination?

Answer 6

Epiblast cells migrate through primitive streak and repopulation the hypoblast to form the definitive endoderm.

Question 7

What is the mesoderm?

Answer 7

Cells between the ectoderm and endoderm

Question 8

Mesenchylmal cells are what?

Answer 8

Embryonic connective tissue that originates from the mesoderm.

Question 9

What happens in Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)?

Answer 9

Epithelial cells lose their organization and migrate as mesenchymal cells where they help to form the mesoderm and neural tube.

Question 10

From what end does the prechordal plate originate?

Answer 10

cephalic (cranial)

Question 11

The prechordal plate allows for part of the embryo to develop?

Answer 11

Oropharyngeal membrane

Future site of oral cavity

Question 12

Prenotochordal cells come from where?

Answer 12

Hypoblast

Question 13

The notochordal cells detach from where to form the notochord?

Answer 13

Endoderm

Question 14

Remnants of notochord become what part of the vertebra?

Answer 14

Nucleus pulposus

Question 15

Where does the amniotic cavity connect with yolk sac?

Answer 15

The primitive pit and the neurenteric canal

Question 16

The allantois forms from where?

Answer 16

Yolk stalk

No function in mammals

Question 17

What type of cysts from faulty partitioning of notochordal plate can compress spinal cord?

Answer 17

Neurenteric cysts

Question 18

What body axes does the primitive streak develop? (3)

Answer 18

Cranial-caudal (probably during morula stage)

Dorso-Ventral

Laterality

Question 19

Situs inversus totalis

Answer 19

Condition where organs are positioned in a mirror image

Question 20

Sirenomelia

Answer 20

Congenital disorder where the legs are fused together

Question 21

Holoprosencephaly

Answer 21

Forebrain fails to divide into two hemispheres

Question 22

Angio-meaning

Answer 22

relating to blood vessels

Question 23

Vasculogenesis

Answer 23

Blood vessels form from blood islands

Question 24

Angiogenesis

Answer 24

Blood vessels sprouting from blood vessels

Question 25

FGF2

Answer 25

Induces mesoderm cells to form hemangioblasts

Question 26

VEGF

Answer 26

Induces these cells to form blood cells in the center of the island and peripheral vessels.

Question 27

Through what process does the embryo receive nutrients prior to week 4?

Answer 27

Diffusion

Later, capillaries develop and the connecting stock becomes the umbilical cord.

Capillary system is established when heart begins to beat