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Year 2 Quarter 2 Pathology > Gastrointestinal System 2 > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Signs and symptoms of acute peritonitis

A

Sharp abdominal pain, rebound tenderness and guarding of abdominal muscles. Peristalsis is slowed to paralysis.

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2
Q

Causes of acute peritonitis

A

Stomach rupture, infection spread from fallopian tubes, ruptured abscess, pancreatitis, rupture of the gallbladder, postsurgical.

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3
Q

Acute pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of the pancreas. Caused by disease of the bile duct and alcoholism.

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4
Q

Signs and symptoms of acute pancreatitis

A

Severe pain radiating to the back. Worse when supine. Abdominal pain and distension, nausea, vomiting, profuse sweating.

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5
Q

When does pancreatitis typically show up?

A

After the consumption of a high fat meal.

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6
Q

Irritable bowel syndrome

A

Condition which affects the large intestine. Causes cramping, pain, ggas, diarrhea and constipation.

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7
Q

Causes of intestinal obstruction

A

Neuromuscular paralysis, some sort of blockage.

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8
Q

Fecalith

A

Hard, stony mass of feces

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9
Q

Hernia types

A

Inguinal, femoral, periumbilical, hiatal

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10
Q

Types of malabsorptive syndromes

A

Poor uptake and processing in intestinal cells, or poor transport of nutrients out of the intestines.

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11
Q

Causes of poor digestion

A

Deficiency of a digestive component (bile, enzymes, HCl) or a bacterial overgrowth.

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12
Q

Causes of poor nutrient uptake

A

Celiac disease, infectious enteritis, Crohn’s disease, Whipple’s disease, short bowel syndrome.

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13
Q

Causes of poor nutrient transport from the intestines

A

Gastrointestinal lymphoma, congestive heart failure with intestinal ischemia.

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14
Q

Symptoms of poor protein absorption

A

Anemia, edema, weakness, weight loss

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15
Q

Symptoms of poor lipid absorption

A

Fatty stool, deficiency of fat soluble vitamis.

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16
Q

Large intestinal carcinoma

A

Fairly common cancer. Has hereditary factors and can be impacted by a western diet.

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17
Q

Types of intestinal tumours

A

Non-neoplastic polyps, benign neoplasms, malignant neoplasms

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18
Q

Types of malignant neoplasms common in the intestines

A

Adenocarcinoma, carcinoid, lymphoma, sarcoma

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19
Q

Constipation

A

Fewer than 3 bowel movements per week. Can be caused by diet, blockages, neural problems or muscle problems.

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20
Q

Major diseases of the liver

A

jaundice, hapatitis, toxic and metabolic hepatic injury, bile duct diseases and tumours

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21
Q

Anastomoses in portal hypertension

A

If blood is forced out of the hepatic portal system before nutrients are processed, it is bad for the other organs.

22
Q

Complications of portal hypertension

A

Fluid in the abdomen, splenomegaly, hemorrhoids, esophageal varices

23
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellow discoloration due to elevated blood bilirubin. Is a symptom of some other condition.

24
Q

Types of prehepatic jaundice

A

Hemolysis, hematoma, Gilbert’s disease

25
Q

Types of hepatic jaundice

A

Viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver disease, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis

26
Q

Causes of posthepatic jaundice

A

Gallstones in the bile duct, carvicnoma of the pancreas, bile duct or gallblader.

27
Q

Viral hepatitis

A

Fairly common forms are ABC, but DE also exist. Can also be caused by other viruses like mono, herpes, yellow fever.

28
Q

Hepatitis A infection

A

Infectious route is fecal to oral. Mild illness with fever, vomiting, jaundice, loss of appetite. Not chronic and does not cause cirrhosis.

29
Q

Hepatitis B infection

A

Infection is via blood or sexual contact. Causes weakness, nausea, mild liver enlargement, rash and dark urine. 90% will recover, but 10% become chronic and can cause cancer.

30
Q

Hepatitis C infection

A

Infection is via blood or sexual contact. Symptoms are the same as hep B. 50% will become chronic.

31
Q

Causes of cirrhosis

A

Alcohol, hepatitis B, C or D, hereditary and autoimmune diseases, drugs.

32
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Chronic liver disease in which normal liver function and structure is impaired.

33
Q

Ascites

A

Fluid pockets in the abdomen.

34
Q

Pathogenesis of ascites

A

Reduced albumin production, portal hypertension, hyperaldosteronism and sodium and water retention.

35
Q

Systemic complications of cirrhosis

A

Increased bleeding, loss of blood due to bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome.

36
Q

Herditary liver diseases

A

Gilbert’s disease, hemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease, alpha antitypsin deficiency, pompe disease

37
Q

Gilbert’s disease

A

Benign recurrent jaundice with unconjugated bilirubin.

38
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Excessive iron accumulation.

39
Q

Wilson’s disease

A

Excessive copper accumulation in the liver, eye and central nervous system.

40
Q

Alpha antitrypsin deficiency

A

Accumulation of AAT and cirrhosis

41
Q

Pompe disease

A

Inherited metabolic disorder.

42
Q

Autoimmune hepatitis

A

The body develops antibodies to hepatocytes. Found primarily in young women.

43
Q

Primary biliary cirrhosis

A

Liver disease most common in middle aged women

44
Q

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

A

Associated with ulcerative colitis, usually in men younger than 40

45
Q

How can the liver acquire infections

A

Through the biliary ducts, through the blood or through wounds in adjacent structures.

46
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

Gallstones

47
Q

Gallstones

A

Usually cholesterol based, but can also be pigmentary stones. Very common, but more common in women.

48
Q

Signs and symptoms of gallstones

A

Indigestion, pain in the upper right quadrant

49
Q

Cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of the gallbladder

50
Q

Benign hepatobiliary tumours

A

Rare, but are either hemangiomas or hepatocellular

51
Q

Malignant hepatobiliary tumours

A

Can be of epithelial cells, bile ducts, gallbladder or Kupffer cells

Year 2 Quarter 2 Pathology (3 decks)

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