Gastrointestinal System 2 Flashcards
Signs and symptoms of acute peritonitis
Sharp abdominal pain, rebound tenderness and guarding of abdominal muscles. Peristalsis is slowed to paralysis.
Causes of acute peritonitis
Stomach rupture, infection spread from fallopian tubes, ruptured abscess, pancreatitis, rupture of the gallbladder, postsurgical.
Acute pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas. Caused by disease of the bile duct and alcoholism.
Signs and symptoms of acute pancreatitis
Severe pain radiating to the back. Worse when supine. Abdominal pain and distension, nausea, vomiting, profuse sweating.
When does pancreatitis typically show up?
After the consumption of a high fat meal.
Irritable bowel syndrome
Condition which affects the large intestine. Causes cramping, pain, ggas, diarrhea and constipation.
Causes of intestinal obstruction
Neuromuscular paralysis, some sort of blockage.
Fecalith
Hard, stony mass of feces
Hernia types
Inguinal, femoral, periumbilical, hiatal
Types of malabsorptive syndromes
Poor uptake and processing in intestinal cells, or poor transport of nutrients out of the intestines.
Causes of poor digestion
Deficiency of a digestive component (bile, enzymes, HCl) or a bacterial overgrowth.
Causes of poor nutrient uptake
Celiac disease, infectious enteritis, Crohn’s disease, Whipple’s disease, short bowel syndrome.
Causes of poor nutrient transport from the intestines
Gastrointestinal lymphoma, congestive heart failure with intestinal ischemia.
Symptoms of poor protein absorption
Anemia, edema, weakness, weight loss
Symptoms of poor lipid absorption
Fatty stool, deficiency of fat soluble vitamis.
Large intestinal carcinoma
Fairly common cancer. Has hereditary factors and can be impacted by a western diet.
Types of intestinal tumours
Non-neoplastic polyps, benign neoplasms, malignant neoplasms
Types of malignant neoplasms common in the intestines
Adenocarcinoma, carcinoid, lymphoma, sarcoma
Constipation
Fewer than 3 bowel movements per week. Can be caused by diet, blockages, neural problems or muscle problems.
Major diseases of the liver
jaundice, hapatitis, toxic and metabolic hepatic injury, bile duct diseases and tumours
Anastomoses in portal hypertension
If blood is forced out of the hepatic portal system before nutrients are processed, it is bad for the other organs.
Complications of portal hypertension
Fluid in the abdomen, splenomegaly, hemorrhoids, esophageal varices
Jaundice
Yellow discoloration due to elevated blood bilirubin. Is a symptom of some other condition.
Types of prehepatic jaundice
Hemolysis, hematoma, Gilbert’s disease
Types of hepatic jaundice
Viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver disease, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis
Causes of posthepatic jaundice
Gallstones in the bile duct, carvicnoma of the pancreas, bile duct or gallblader.
Viral hepatitis
Fairly common forms are ABC, but DE also exist. Can also be caused by other viruses like mono, herpes, yellow fever.
Hepatitis A infection
Infectious route is fecal to oral. Mild illness with fever, vomiting, jaundice, loss of appetite. Not chronic and does not cause cirrhosis.
Hepatitis B infection
Infection is via blood or sexual contact. Causes weakness, nausea, mild liver enlargement, rash and dark urine. 90% will recover, but 10% become chronic and can cause cancer.
Hepatitis C infection
Infection is via blood or sexual contact. Symptoms are the same as hep B. 50% will become chronic.
Causes of cirrhosis
Alcohol, hepatitis B, C or D, hereditary and autoimmune diseases, drugs.
Cirrhosis
Chronic liver disease in which normal liver function and structure is impaired.
Ascites
Fluid pockets in the abdomen.
Pathogenesis of ascites
Reduced albumin production, portal hypertension, hyperaldosteronism and sodium and water retention.
Systemic complications of cirrhosis
Increased bleeding, loss of blood due to bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome.
Herditary liver diseases
Gilbert’s disease, hemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease, alpha antitypsin deficiency, pompe disease
Gilbert’s disease
Benign recurrent jaundice with unconjugated bilirubin.
Hemochromatosis
Excessive iron accumulation.
Wilson’s disease
Excessive copper accumulation in the liver, eye and central nervous system.
Alpha antitrypsin deficiency
Accumulation of AAT and cirrhosis
Pompe disease
Inherited metabolic disorder.
Autoimmune hepatitis
The body develops antibodies to hepatocytes. Found primarily in young women.
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Liver disease most common in middle aged women
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Associated with ulcerative colitis, usually in men younger than 40
How can the liver acquire infections
Through the biliary ducts, through the blood or through wounds in adjacent structures.
Cholelithiasis
Gallstones
Gallstones
Usually cholesterol based, but can also be pigmentary stones. Very common, but more common in women.
Signs and symptoms of gallstones
Indigestion, pain in the upper right quadrant
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder
Benign hepatobiliary tumours
Rare, but are either hemangiomas or hepatocellular
Malignant hepatobiliary tumours
Can be of epithelial cells, bile ducts, gallbladder or Kupffer cells
