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Year 2 Quarter 2 Pathology > Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

Primary endocrine and exocrine products of the salivary glands

A

Salivary amylase

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2
Q

Primary endocrine and exocrine products of the stomach

A

Pepsin, HCl, Gastrin, Intrinsic factor

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3
Q

Primary endocrine and exocrine products of the small intestine

A

Enterokinase, CCK, secretin

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4
Q

Forms of disease which affect the GI system

A

Infections, circulatory diseases, multifactorial diseases, peptic ulcers, inflammation, obstruction, neoplasm

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5
Q

Stomatitis

A

Inflammation of the mouth. Can be caused by herpes, thrush, cancer or canker sores.

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6
Q

Oral cancer

A

Usually squamous cell carcinomas. Usually related to tobacco. Can present as leukoplakia, erythroplakia, ulcer, crater or nodule.

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7
Q

Salivary gland disease

A

Also called sialodenitis. Can be infectious or autoimmune in nature.

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8
Q

Presentation of salivary gland disease

A

Swelling of the glands or dry mouth.

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9
Q

Signs and symptoms of esophageal disease

A

Dysphagia, esophageal pain, aspiration or regurgitation.

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10
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

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11
Q

Types of esophageal disease

A

Developmental abnormalities, esophagitis, hernia, achalasia, varices, GERD

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12
Q

Esophageal varices

A

Varicose veins in the esophagus. Due to portal vein hypertension.

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13
Q

Causes of esophagitis

A

Gastric juice, infections or chemical irritants.

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14
Q

GERD

A

Digestive disorder that affects the lower esophageal sphincter. It causes heart burn, chest pain, difficulty swallowing, regurgitation and a lump in the throat.

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15
Q

Carcinoma of the esophagus

A

Makes up 4% of all cancers. Higher incidence in Asia and Africa. Correlates to alcohol and tobacco use. More common in men.

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16
Q

Signs and symptoms of carcinoma of the esophagus

A

Dysphagia, pain, bleeding, bad breath.

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17
Q

Melena

A

Black feces. Caused by blood.

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18
Q

Symptoms of stomach and small intestine disease

A

Pain in midline and upper abdomen, vomiting, bleeding, indigestion, systemic consequences of the poor digestion and pervasive blood loss.

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19
Q

Congenital stenosis of the pylorus

A

The pyloric sphincter is congenitally tight. Must be surgically corrected.

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20
Q

Gastritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach. Can be acute or chronic.

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21
Q

Acute gastritis

A

Caused by stress, shock, food, exogenous chemicals and drugs. Causes erosions and ulcerations in the mucosa.

22
Q

Causes of chronic gastritis

A

Autoimmune or helicobacter pylori

23
Q

Peptic ulcer causes

A

HCL and pepsin, mucosal barrier defects, NSAIDS, smoking, helicobacter pylori

24
Q

Signs and symptoms of peptic ulcers

A

Pain after eating or at night. Pain is temporarily relieved by alkaline agents. Causes nausea, melena, iron deficiency, weight loss.

25
Q

Possible complications of peptic ulcers

A

Anemia due to blood loss, pancreatitis, perforation, excessive scarring.

25
Q

Gastric tumours

A

Can be benign polyps, benign stromal tumours or malignant adenocarcinoma or lymphoma

26
Q

Carcinoma of the stomach

A

Linked to nitrosamines and helicobacter pylori. More common in Japan and Chile.

27
Q

Types of intestinal disease

A

Congenital, diverticulitis, diverticulosis, vascular disorders, EBD, infections, malabsorption syndrome and neoplasms

28
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Inflammation and infection of a diverticulum.

29
Q

Diverticulosis

A

Disease characterized by the formation of diverticulum. These are pouches within the intestinal wall.

30
Q

Hemmorhoids

A

Varicositis of the anal and perianal region

31
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

Chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Most often involves the terminal ileum and colon. Develops segmentally.

32
Q

Angiodysplagia

A

Localized vascular lesion of the colon. Causes bleeding.

33
Q

Ischemic bowel disease

A

Disorders that decrease blood flow to the intestines. Can be caused by emboli or artherosclerosis.

34
Q

Inflammatory bowel diseases

A

Crohn’s and ulcerative colitis. Characterized by recurrent inflammation of the intestines.

35
Q

Symptoms of ulcerative colitis

A

Diarrhea, rectal bleeding and pain.

35
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

Intestinal inflammation that most often involves the large intestine and appendix. Is more diffuse, but typically starts at the rectum and spreads proximally.

36
Q

Symptoms of Crohn’s disease

A

Diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, constipation due to thickened intestines, vitamin deficiency

37
Q

Peak age for inflammatory bowel disease

A

15-25

38
Q

Identifying features of Crohn’s disease

A

It is segmental and includes the ileum. It can be transmural and cause granulomas, fistulas and cancer.

39
Q

Identifying features of ulcerative colitis

A

The inflammation is diffuse, it only affects the colon, it causes megacolon and cancer.

40
Q

Types of GI infections

A

Viral and bacterial

41
Q

Infectious diseases of the small intestine

A

E coli, cholera, giardia, rotavirus

42
Q

Infectious disease of the large intestine

A

E coli, shigella, norwalk, entamoeba

43
Q

Giardia lamblia

A

A protozoal infection that comes from infected water.

44
Q

Diarrhea with origins in the small intestine

A

Has a large volume with a watery appearance. Doesn’t usually contain blood.

45
Q

Diarrhea with origins in the large intestine

A

Has a smaller volume with a mucoid appearance. Often contains blood.

46
Q

Acute appendicitis

A

Caused by bacteria becoming entrapped in the appendix, then multiplies and engorges the appendix.

47
Q

Symptoms of acute appendicitis

A

Fever, abdominal pain that is strongest in the lower right quadrant.

48
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity. Caused primarily by enteric bacteria.

Year 2 Quarter 2 Pathology (3 decks)

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