Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NCLEX: Med Surg > Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
NCLEX-PN® flashcards NCLEX-RN® flashcards
1
Q

Functions of the pancreas

A

Exocrine: acinar cells secrete inactivated enzymes that travel to the small intestine and become activated to help digest carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
Endocrine: Islets of Langerhans cells regulate blood glucose levels through hormones like glucagon and insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Functions of the liver

A

Storage of minerals and fat soluble vitamins, bile production and secretion, Bilirubin metabolism and secretion, detoxification of harmful drugs and substances, plasma protein synthesis (albumin and clotting factors), fat metabolism including cholesterol synthesis and elimination, carbohydrate metabolism (ex: glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen which is stored carbohydrate energy in the liver)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Function of gallbladder

A

Storage and concentration of bile from the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)

A

Done under moderate sedation, scope, inserted down the throat and esophagus, stomach, and the duodenum are visualized, patient must be NPO 6 to 8 hours prior to the procedure, no bowel prep needed for procedure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sigmoidoscopy

A

Visualizes the anus, rectum, and sigmoid colon; no anesthesia required, patient will need to be NPO after midnight before the procedure, patient will need to drink polyethylene glycol to clean out bowels (bowel prep)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Colonoscopy

A

Performed under moderate sedation, visualizes the anus, rectum, Sigmoid colon, descending colon, transverse colon, and ascending colon; patient will need to be NPO after midnight and will need to consume polyethylene glycol for bowel prep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

GI series

A

used to identify GI abnormalities, such as an ulcer, tumor or obstruction; patient will drink barium and x-rays are taken as barium moves through GI tract; patient will need to be NPO for eight hours prior to the procedure, educate patients not to smoke or chew gum for eight hours prior to the procedure, after the procedure encourage patient to increase fluid intake to flush out barium, inform patient that stools will be white in color for several days until barium is cleared out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Level one Dysphagia diet

A

All food puréed and thickened liquids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Level two and three Dysphagia diet

A

Soft and moist foods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dysphagia nursing care

A

Sit the HOB up when eating, teach patient to tuck their chin against their chest when swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to relaxation or weakening of lower esophageal sphincter, causing pain and mucosal damage leading to esophagitis and Barrett’s esophagus (high risk for esophageal cancer)

A

GERD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

GERD risk factors

A

Obesity, smoking, alcohol use, older age, pregnancy, ascites, hiatal hernia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

S/S of GERD

A

Dyspepsia (indigestion), throat irritation, bitter taste, burning pain in esophagus that is better when sitting up and worse when sitting down, chronic cough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

GERD treatment

A

Antacids, H2 receptor antagonists, PPIs, prokinetic agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Surgical intervention for GERD

A

Nissen fundoplication — invasive, fundus wrapped around esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

GERD patient education

A

Avoid fatty, fried, and spicy foods, citrus fruits, caffeine; eat 5 smaller meals as opposed to 3 large meals, remain upright after meals, avoid eating before bedtime, avoid tight clothing, lose weight, smoking cessation, reduce alcohol intake, elevate HOB at home

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Protrusion of the stomach through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity

A

Hiatal hernia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

S/S of hiatal hernia

A

Heartburn, Dysphagia, chest pain after meals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hiatal hernia treatment and education

A

Same as GERD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Inflammation of the gastric mucosa

A

Gastritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Gastritis risk factors

A

H Pylori, long-term NSAID use, smoking, stress, heavy alcohol use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

S/S of gastritis

A

Dyspepsia, N/V, stomach pain, bloating, lack of appetite, formation of ulcers when can bleed and cause anemia in severe cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Erosion of the mucosa of the stomach, esophagus, or the duodenum

A

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Key risk factor for PUD

A

H pylori infection; Other: chronic NSAIDs use, corticosteroid use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

S/S of PUD

A

Epigastric pain (upper abdominal pain), N/V, bloating, hematemesis (coffee-ground), melena (bloody stool), pain differs based on type of PUD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Pain related to gastric ulcer

A

Pain 15-30 min after consuming meal, worse during day, worse with eating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Pain related to duodenal ulcer

A

Pain 2-3 hours after meal, pain worse at night, may be a little better with eating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

PUD patient education

A

Avoid NSAIDs, caffeine, smoking, and alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Complications of PUD

A
  • Hypovolemic shock (d/t bleeding ulcers) — hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea, low UOP; treat with administration of blood products and IV fluids
  • Perforation (ulcer erodes through entire mucosa causing contamination of peritoneal cavity with gastric contents) — severe pain, fever, rigid board-like abdomen (peritonitis); treat this with emergency surgery (peritoneal lavage)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Foods that can trigger IBS symptoms

A

Milk, alcohol, caffeine, wheat, eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Key medications used in the treatment of IBS

A

Alosetron — IBS w/ diarrhea
Lubiprostone — IBS w/ constipation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

IBS patient education

A

Keep symptom/food journal, increase fiber intake, increase physical activity, avoid gluten, reduce stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Abdominal hernia risk factors

A

Obesity, pregnancy, lifting of heavy objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Abdominal hernia S/S

A

Lump or protrusion at the affected site, severe pain and decreased bowel sounds (w/ strangulation and obstruction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Abdominal hernia treatment

A

Truss (belt holds protruding tissue in place), surgical repair, bowel resection (if resulted in strangulation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Patient education following hernia repair

A

Avoid coughing, if they need to cough or sneeze splint the area, avoid heavy lifting and straining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Risk factors for paralytic ileus

A

Abdominal surgery, electrolyte imbalances, abdominal infections, decreased blood supply to intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

S/S of intestinal obstruction

A

Abdominal distention and pain, constipation, N/V, absent bowel sounds distal to obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

S/S of small bowel obstruction

A

Profuse vomiting, severe fluid and electrolyte imbalances, metabolic alkalosis

40
Q

intestinal obstruction nursing care

A

NPO, NG tube, administer fluids and electrolytes as ordered, maintain strict I&Os monitor electrolytes and acid-base balance

41
Q

Surgical repair of intestinal obstruction

A

Colon resection, colostomy

42
Q

Surgical repair of intestinal obstruction

A

Colon resection, colostomy

43
Q

Output from ileostomy

A

Loose, watery

44
Q

Output from colostomy

A

Ascending: more liquid
Descending/sigmoid: more formed

45
Q

Ostomy patient education

A

Assess stoma regularly (should be pink or red, moist; pale or blue indicates ischemia), empty ostomy when it is 1/3 to 1/2 full, if leaking then change whole appliance immediately, cut opening in barrier no more than 1/8 in bigger than stoma, chew food thoroughly, consume low-fiber diet for first 6-8 weeks, avoid foods that cause gas or odor

46
Q

S/S of appendicitis

A

RLQ pain at McBurney’s point, rebound tenderness, loss of appetite, N/V, fever

47
Q

Appendicitis treatment

A

NPO, IV fluids, antibiotics, appendectomy

48
Q

Complications of ruptured appendix

A

perforation and peritonitis (ruptured appendix indicated by sudden relief of pain, followed by severe pain)

49
Q

Peritonitis treatment

A

NPO, NG tube, IV fluids, antibiotics, analgesics

50
Q

Key complication of peritonitis

A

Sepsis

51
Q

S/S of ulcerative colitis

A

Diarrhea w/ blood or pus, 10-20 liquid stools per day, fever, abdominal pain, fecal urgency, weight loss, weakness, possible anemia and dehydration

52
Q

Labs associated with ulcerative colitis

A

Increased WBC, ESR, CRP

53
Q

Meds for treatment of UC

A

Sulfasalazine, prednisone, cyclosporine, anti-diarrheal

54
Q

UC nursing care

A

Monitor I&Os, electrolytes, and CBC levels

55
Q

UC patient education

A

NPO during exacerbations, ongoing — consume high-calorie low-fiber diet, avoid caffeine, alcohol, and lactose, eat smaller more frequent meals throughout the day

56
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A

Affects entire GI tract, formation of patchy/sporadic ulcerations, ulcerations can affect all layers of bowel wall and can lead to fistulas (abnormal tunnel between two organs)

57
Q

S/S of Crohn’s disease

A

Diarrhea, 5-6 loose stools/day, steatorrhea, RLQ pain, weight loss, anemia, fever, fatigue

58
Q

Labs associated with Crohn’s disease

A

Elevated WBC, ESR, CRP

59
Q

T or F: UC and Crohn’s disease are autoimmune disease

A

True

60
Q

Crohn’s disease nursing care

A

Monitor I&Os, electrolytes, and CBC, monitor for complications such as fistulas, malnutrition, and intestinal obstruction

61
Q

Meds, treatment, and education for Crohn’s disease

A

Same as UC

62
Q

Formation of pouches off of the intestine due to high intraluminal pressure caused by obesity, low fiber diet, and genetics

A

Diverticulosis; presence of undigested food and bacteria in pouches can cause diverticula to get inflamed leading to diverticulitis

63
Q

S/S of diverticulitis

A

LLQ pain, bloating, fever, N/V

64
Q

Labs associated with diverticulitis

A

Elevated WBC, ESR
Decreased blood levels if bleeding

65
Q

Complications of diverticulitis

A

Perforation, peritonitis, bleeding, fistulas

66
Q

Diverticulitis patient education

A

NPO or clear liquid diet during exacerbations then progress to low-fiber diet, ongoin — high fiber diet

67
Q

Pancreatitis risk factors

A

Alcohol abuse, bile tract disease, GI surgery, gallstones, trauma, medication toxicity

68
Q

S/S of pancreatitis

A

Several LUQ or epigastric pain that can radiate to left shoulder or back, N/V, Cullen’s sign (blue/gray discoloration around umbilicus), turner’s sign (ecchymosis of flank), jaundice, tetany (hypocalcemia)

69
Q

Labs associated with pancreatitis

A

Elevated lipase, amylase, WBC, bilirubin, glucose
Decreased calcium, magnesium, platelets

70
Q

Nursing care pancreatitis

A

NPO, gradually increase to bland low-fay diet over time, provide IV fluids, opioid analgesics, provide antibiotics, antiemetics, insulin, pancreatic enzymes with all meals and snacks

71
Q

Pancreatitis patient education

A

Do NOT consume alcohol, consume low-fat diet, no smoking

72
Q

Main causes and types of cirrhosis

A

Postnecrotic cirrhosis: caused by viral hepatitis or toxins/drugs
Biliary cirrhosis: damage to bile ducts causing bile to back up into liver
Laennec’s cirrhosis: chronic alcoholism

73
Q

Early signs of cirrhosis

A

Fatigue, hepatomegaly, N/V, abdominal pain

74
Q

Late S/S of cirrhosis

A

Bleeding and bruising (d/t absence of clotting factors), jaundice, ascites, esophageal varices, portal hypertension, peripheral edema, fetor hepaticus, hepatic encephalopathy (build up of ammonia in brain causing confusion), pruritis, petechiae, spider angiomas, palmar erythema, dark urine, clay-colored stools

75
Q

Labs associated with cirrhosis

A

Elevated AST, ALT, bilirubin, ammonia
Decreased serum protein and albumin

76
Q

Laxative that helps to bring down ammonia levels

A

Lactulose

77
Q

Cirrhosis nursing care

A

Monitor I&Os, restrict fluid and sodium as ordered, measure abdominal girth daily, monitor for complications such as encephalopathy, portal hypertension, esophageal varices, hemorrhage

78
Q

Cirrhosis patient education

A

Consume low-sodium diet, eat small frequent meals, encourage alcohol recovery program if alcohol abuse

79
Q

Abdominal paracentesis pre-procedure nursing care

A

Have patient empty bladder to prevent perforation, measure vital signs, weight, and abdominal girth

80
Q

Abdominal Paracentesis post-procedure nursing care

A

Measure vitals, weight, abdominal girth, monitor for hypovolemia, administer albumin if ordered

81
Q

Key risk factor for esophageal varices

A

Portal hypertension

82
Q

Which types of hepatitis are spread through the fecal-oral route?

A

HAV and HEV

83
Q

Which types of hepatitis are spread through blood and bodily fluids?

A

HBV, HVC, HDV

84
Q

Which types of hepatitis have vaccines?

A

HAV and HBV

85
Q

HDV can only occur if also infected with

A

HBV

86
Q

Risk factors for viral hepatitis

A

IV drug use, body piercings, tattoos, high-risk sexual practices, travel to underdeveloped countries

87
Q

S/S of hepatitis

A

Fever, lethargy, N/V, jaundice, clay-colored stools, dark urine, abdominal pain, arthralgia

88
Q

Labs associated with hepatitis

A

Elevated ALT, AST, bilirubin

89
Q

Hepatitis treatment

A

HAV and HEV: self-resolving, supportive care
Chronic HBV and HCV: antivirals

90
Q

Cholecystitis risk factors

A

Cholelithiasis, high-fat diet, obesity, genetics, older age, females

91
Q

S/S of cholecystitis

A

RUQ pain that radiates to right shoulder, pain upon ingestion of high-fat food, N/V, dyspepsia, gas and bloating, if liver involvement — jaundice, dark-colored urine, clay-colored stools

92
Q

Cholecystitis treatment

A

Analgesics, lithotripsy (for cholithiasis), cholecystectomy

93
Q

Cholecystitis nursing care

A

Monitor for complications such as pancreatitis, peritonitis

94
Q

Cholecystitis patient education

A

Advise patient to consume low-fat diet, avoid gas-causing foods, lose weight if applicable

95
Q

Surgical intervention aimed at reducing an individual’s gastric capacity or absorption indicated for morbidly obese patients

A

Bariatric surgery

96
Q

Bariatric surgery post-op nursing care

A

Monitor for dumping syndrome (abdominal cramping, tachycardia, nausea, diarrhea, diaphoresis), educate patient to chew food slowly and thoroughly, eat 6 smalls meals/day, do NOT consume liquids with meals, recline after meals to slow gastric emptying, avoid foods high in sugar, fat, and carbs

NCLEX: Med Surg (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions