Gastrointestinal System Flashcards
List the 2 functions of the digestive tract
Digestion which allows food to be processed and absorption which allows nutrients to be transferred through the blood stream
List the accessory organs in digestive tract
Salivary glands
Gallbladder
Liver
Pancreas
What substance do salivary glands secrete
Serous = watery secretion
Mucosa = thicker secretion
Mixed seromucus = mixed watery and thicker secretion
What is the function of saliva
Buffers the mouth and aids in tooth structure and taste whilst protecting the surface of mouth
Describe the function of the gallbladder
Stores bile and concentrates it
List one of the main functions of the liver
Produces bile which helps with fat digestion
What is the small intestine composed of
Jejunum, duodenum, and ileum
What is the large intestine composed of
Caecum, ascending colon, transverse, descending colon, rectum and anus
Where does the initial part of digestion take place
Stomach where food is mixed and churned
What lines the interstitial organs
Mucosa
Name the outer most layer of the GI tract
Serousa
In the GI tract, name the layer found underneath serosa layer
Longitudinal muscle
What structure is located between the longitudinal muscle layer and circular muscle layer
Myenteric plexus
Name the layer which is deep to the circular muscle
Submucosa
Name the plexus which is located between the submucosa and muscularis mucosae
Submucosal plexus
Name the layer which is deep to muscularis muscosae
Mucosa
Describe lamina propria
This is formed of loose connective tissue and lies beneath epithelium
Name the connective tissue layer in the GI tract which lies beneath the epithelium
Lamina propria
What substance does lamina propria contain
Inflammatory cells which provide support and nutrients to the overlying epithelia
Inflammatory cells are found in which layer of the connective tissue in the GI tract
Lamina propria
What is muscularis mucosae composed of
Smooth muscle which continues down the length of GI tract
Which layer lies deep to muscularis mucosae
Submucosa
Describe the composition of Submucosa
Dense irregular connective tissue which contains many blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels
Describe the structure of muscularis propria
It’s composed of circular muscle (inner) and longitudinal muscle ( outer)
Explain the function of muscle forming muscularis propria
The inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle allows for peristalsis of food products and nutrients
Name the superficial layer covering the organs
Adventitia
Name the 2 nerve plexuses found in GI tract
Meisseners
Auerbach
What are Meisseners and Auerbach
2 nerve plexuses found in the GI tract
Describe the function of Bruner glands
Secrete biocarbonate ions which helps neutralise acid from stomach
Name the glands which help neutralise acid in the stomach and secrete biocarbonate
Bruner glands
Describe the function of Peyer’s patches
Lymphoid follicle that form part of the immune system thus preventing production and growth of harmful bacteria
Which structure helps to prevent growth of harmful bacteria and function as lymphoid follicles
Peyer’s patches
In which layer of the GI tract do Peyer’s patches remain
Mucosa layer
Where is pharynx located
Base of the skull to oesophagus
Describe the structure of pharynx
Muscular tube
List 3 parts of pharynx
Oropharynx
Nasopharynx
Larynogeal pharynx
Describe the structure of oropharynx
Soft palate (uvula) to epiglottis ( elastic cartilage)
Name the structure which divides into oesophagus and trachea, also allowing the trachea to be covered when swallowing
Epiglottis
Name the type of lining which is found deepest in the oesophagus
Mucosa lining
Describe the structure of the mucosa lining
Stratified squamous - non keratinised epithelium
Name 2 types of epithelium layers which form the mucosa layers
Lamina propria and muscularis mucosae
Name the middle layer of epithelium lining found in oesophagus
Submucosa layer
What structures and found in the Submucosa layer
Glands and lymphoid follicles
What type of muscle is the upper 1/3 of oesophagus composed of
Skeletal muscle
What is the middle 1/3 of oesophagus composed of
Mixed and skeletal muscle
What’s is the lower 1/3 of oesophagus composed of
Smooth muscle
List the 7 regions of the abdomen
Right hypochondrium
Epigastrium
Left hypochondrium
Right lumbar
Umbilical
Left lumbar
Right iliac fossa
Suprapubic - hypogastrium
Left iliac fossa
What structure is found in the right hypochondrium
Liver
Which region of the abdomen is the liver found in
Right hypochondrium
Name the structures found in the epigastrium
Duodenum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and stomach
Duodenum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and stomach are found in which region of the abdomen
Epigastrium
What structures are found in the left hypochondrium
Spleen and stomach
Spleen and stomach are found in which region of the abdomen
Left hypochondrium
What structures are found in the right lumbar region
Ascending colon and kidney
Ascending colon and kidney are located in which region of the abdomen
Right lumbar
Name the structures found in the umbilical region
Stomach , head of pancreas , small intestine (duodenum), transverse colon, lower aspects of right and left kidney
The stomach, head of pancreas, duodenum, lower aspects of right and left kidney are found in which region of the abdomen
Umbilical
Name the structures found in the left lumbar
Descending colon and left kidney
Descending colon and left kidney are found in which region of the abdomen
Left lumbar
Name the structures found in the right iliac fossa
Caecum, appendix, part of ascending colon
Caecum, part of ascending colon and appendix are found in which region of abdomen
Right iliac fossa
Name the structures found in the suprapubic region
Bladder, uterus, ileum of small intestine
Bladder, uterus, illeum are found in which region of the abdomen
Suprapubic
Name the structures found in the left iliac fossa
Sigmoid colon and descending colon
Descending colon and sigmoid colon are found in which region of the abdomen
Left iliac fossa
Which region of the abdomen is the stomach located
Left hypochondrium
In which two regions is the stomach located
Left hypochondrium and Epigastrium
Which structure is the stomach anterior to
Lower ribs and diaphragm
Which structures is the stomach superior to
Liver
Name the structures which are posterior and inferior to the stomach
Diaphragm, spleen, left kidney, adrenal glands and pancreas
Name the curvature of the stomach which is medial
Lesser curvature
Name the curvature if the stomach which is lateral
Greater curvature is lateral
What are rugae in the stomach
Fold p
What do chief cells produce
Pepsinogen
What do parietal cells produce
HCL and intrinsic factor
What do endocrine cells produce
Gastrin
Name of the product when hydrochloric acid breaks down pepsinogen
Pepsin
Which cells promote the production of hydrochloric acid
Endocrine cells that produce gastrin activate parietal cells to produce hydrochloric acid
What substance does the duodenum revive
Chyme
Name the glands found in duodenum and the substance they release
Bruner glands which release alkaline secretions
Alkaline secretions are released from which set of glands in duodenum
Bruner glands
Which sphincter is found in duodenum
Sphincter of oddi
