Gastrointestinal System Flashcards
What are 2 different word parts for tongue
lingu/o-
gloss/o-
What are 2 word parts for saliva
saliv/o-
sial/o-
What 4 substances does the stomach secrete
hydrochloric acid,pepsinogen, gastrin,intrinsic factor
What are the 3 regions of the small intestine
duodenum
jejuunum
ileum
What are the 3 parts of the large intestine
cecum
colon
rectum
Where is the liver located
URQ
What are the 2 word parts for bile
bili/o-
chol/e
What is the word part for gallbladder
cholecyst/o
What is the word part for bile duct
cholangi/o-
What is the word part for common bile duct
choledoch/o
Define mastication
tearing,chewing,grinding of food via teeth
Define deglutition
swallowing food
define peristalsis
movement of the food via muscular contraction
Define defecation
elimination process
Define flatus
gas that can accompanies feces
Define anorexia
decreased appetite because of disease or the GI side effect of a drug
Define dysphagia and the word parts
difficult or painful,eating,or swallowing
dys: abnormal,difficult,painful
phag/o- : eating or swallowing
-ia: condition,state,thing
Define polyphagia
excessive overeating due to overactive thyroid,DM or physicatric illness
Define glossitis
infection or inflammation of the tongue
Define sialolithiasis and the word parts
presence of a stone in a salivary gland that blocks salivia and cause swelling
sial/o-: saliva or salivary gland
lith/o- stone
-iasis: state
Define stomatitis and the word parts
inflammation of the oral mucosa
stomat/o- : mouth
-itis: infection or inflammation
Define dyspepsia and the word parts
temporary epigastric pain; indigestion
dys- : abnormal,difficult,painful
peps/o: digestion
-ia: condition, state
Define esophageal varix
swollen,protruding vein in the esophageal mucosa
Define gastritis
acute or chronic inflammation of the stomach
Define gastroenteritis
acute infection or inflammation of the stomach and intestines
Define gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD)
chronic irritation due to reflux of stomach acid into the esophagus
Define heartburn
temporary irritation of the esophagus due to reflux of stomach acid
Define hematemesis
vomiting of blood
What is the abbreviation of nausea and vomiting
N & V
Define peptic ulcer disease ( PUD)
chronic irritation,burning pain, and erosion of the mucosa due to an ulcer
Define stomach cancer and another term for it
cancerous tumor of the stomach that begins in gastric mucosal glands; often caused by H.pylori
gastric adenocarcinoma
define ileus
absence of normal peristalsis
Define intussusception and the word parts
telescoping of 1 intestinal segment inside another
intussuscept/o-: receive within
-ion: action or condition
Define volvulus
twisting or rotating of the small intestine around itself; malrotation
Define appendicitis
inflammation and infection of the appendix by waste materials trapped inside it
Define colon cancer
cancerous tumor of the colon that develops when colonic polyps or ulcerative colitis become cancerous
Define diverticulum
weakness in the colon wall forms a pouch
Define diverticulitis
feces become trapped in and infect diverticula
Define gluten sensitivity enteropathy
autoimmune disorder and toxic reaction to gluten in certain grains; inflammatory response damaged small intestines
Define inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD)
chronic inflammation of parts of the small and large intestines
What part are infected in Crohn disease
affect ileum and colon
What part of the ulcerative colitis
affects the colon and rectum; can cause ulcers
Define irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
condition with cramping,pain, diarrhea,bloating, constipation, and excessive mucus but no inflammation
Define polyposis
condition of numerous polyps, which is fleshy benign growths in mucosa
Define pedunculated polyp
stalk that support ball shaped top
Define sessile polyp
mound shape with a broad base
Define hemorrhoids
swollen,protruding veins
Define proctitis
inflammation of the rectum due to radiation treatments for cancer with ulcers or infection
proct/o-: rectum
-itis: infection more inflammation
Define rectocele
a hernia in the wall of the rectum that causes the rectal wall to protrude into the vaginal wall
rect/o: rectum
-cele: hernia
Define constipation
failure to have regular,soft bowel movements
Define diarrhea
abnormally frequent,loose,watery feces
Define flatulence
excessive amounts of gas in the stomach or intestines
Define hematochezia and the word parts
blood in the feces
hemat/o-: blood
chez/o : pass feces
-ia: condition, state
Define steatorrhea
feces that contains undigested fats due to a lack of the enzyme lipase
Define hernia
a defect and weakness in the muscle of the diaphragm or the abdominal wall that allows the intestines to bulge through
Define sliding ( reducible hernia)
allows the intestines to move freely
Define incarcerated hernia
traps the intestines
Define strangulated hernia
cuts off blood supply to incarcerated intestines
Define hiatal hernia
bulging of the stomach through the diaphragm
Define ventral hernia
occurs on the ventral abdominal wall
Define umbilical hernia
occurs at the umbilicus
Define omphalocele
umbilical hernia present at birth
Define inguinal hernia
occurs in the groin
Define incisional hernia
occurs along a suture line from abdominal surgery
Define hepatosplenomegaly
enlargement of spleen and liver
Define peritonitis
serious infection of the peritoneum that occurs when the stomach or deodenal wall breaks or the appendix ruptures
Define ascites
accumulation of ascitic fluids in the abdominopelvic cavity due to increase pressure in abdominal veins
Define cirrhosis
chronic,progressive inflammation and irreversible degeneration of the liver
Define hepatomegaly
enlargement of liver,palpable on P.E
Define hepatitis
infection and inflammation of the liver by the hepatitis virus, most common chronic liver disease
Define jaundice
unconjugated bilirubin in blood cause yellow discoloration of skin and whites of eyes
Define obstructive jaundice
a gallstone may be obstructing the bile ducts
Define liver cancer
secondary cancer that began elsewhere in the body and metastasized to the liver
Define gallbladder cancer
cancer in the ducts of the gallbladder
What are the 3 word parts of cholangiocarcinoma
cholangi/o-: bile duct
carcin/o-: cancer
-oma: mass or tumor
Define cholangitis
inflammation of the bile ducts due to cirrhosis or gallstones
Define cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder due to blockage of the cystic duct by a gallstone
Define cholelithiasis
condition of gallstones in the bladder
Define pancreatic cancer
cancer in the ducts of the pancreas; prognosis for the most patients in poor
Define pancreatitis
inflammation or infection of the pancreas
Defien the laboratory test (CLO)
Campylobacter-like organisms
rapid gastric mucosa screening for H.pylori that uses urea containing pads
Define the test Gastric Analysis
test to measure the amount of hydrochloric acid in the stomach; uses a nasogastric tube to collect stomach contents
Define the test Liver function tests (LFTs)
panel of blood test that gives a comprehensive picture of liver function
Albumin, GGT,BILIRUBIN,PROTHROMBIN TIME, ALP,ALT,AST
Define Barium Enema (BE) procedure
x-rays taken after injection with the liquid contrast medium barium
used for polyps,diverticula,ulcerative colitis, and colon cancer
Define cholangiography procedure
xray taken after injection with iodinated contrast due to outline bile ducts
Define cholescintigraphy procedure
nuclear medicine procedure with an intravenous radioactive drug to measure the uptake of bile with cystic duct obstruction
Define computerized axial tomography ( CAT scan, CT scan)
X-ray taken in successive slices to create images of abdominal organs and structures
Define flat plate of the abdomen procedure
X-ray taken w/o contrast dye as the patient lies supine on the table
Define gallbladder ultrasound
ultra high frequency sound waves used to produce on image of the gallbladder to show wall thickening and stones
Define magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) PROCEDURE
images taken in successive slides using a strong magnetic field that causes protons in the body’s atoms to emit a signal
Define oral cholecystography (OCG)
xray taken after ingestion of iodinated contrast dye tablets to outline bile ducts
Define upper gastrointestinal series (UGI) procedure
continous; moving xray taken after ingestion of liquid barium, allows visualization of the upper GI tract
What are H2 blocker drugs used for
block histamine 2 (H2) receptors in the stomach to treat GERD and PUD ( peptic ulcer disease)
Define proton pump inhibitor drugs
block production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach to treat GERD and PUD
Define abdominocentesis
removal of fluid from the abdomen using a needle
Define appendectomy
removal of an infected appendix
Define ileostomy
procedure involves removal of both the ileum and colon
Define bariatric surgery
surgery for severe obesity that limits food intake and nutrient absorption
Define biopsy
removal of a small piece of tissue from an ulcer, polyp, or growth
Define bowel resection and anastomosis
removal of a portion of diseased intestine ( resection) and joining of the intestines back together ( anastomosis)
Define cholecystectomy
removal of the gallbladder; usually done laparoscopically
cholecyst/o- : gallbladder
Define choledochlithotomy
surgery to make an incision in the common bile duct to remove a gallstone
choledoch/o- : common bile duct
Define colostomy
removal of a diseased part of the colon and creation of an opening in the abdominal wall for feces to pass through
Define endoscopy
examination of the GI system with a flexible, lighted endoscope
Define exploratory laprotomy
exploration of the abdominopelvic cavity for evidence of disease or trauma
Define gastrectomy
removal of all or part of the stomach due to cancer
Define gastrostomy
procedure to create a temporary or permanent opening in the abdominal wall on order to place a feeding tube
hemorrhoidectomy
removal of hemorrhoids from the rectum or from around the anus
Define herniorrhaphy
closure of a defect in the abdominal muscle wall where there is a hernia
Define jejunostomy
creation of an opening from the abdominal wall into the jejunum to insert a feeding tube
Define liver transplantation
removal of a severely damaged liver and insertion of a donor liver in a patient with end stage liver disease
Define ploypectomy
removal of one or more polyps from the colon using forceps or a wire snare
