Gastrointestinal system

Question 1

Clinical features of Clostridium difficile infection

Answer 1

new-onset abdominal pain, severe cramping, and continuous watery diarrhoea

Question 2

C. diff commonly seen with prolonged use of which medication

Answer 2

Antibiotics: Ceftriaxone (Class: cephalosporin), fluoroquinolones and clindamycin
Proton pump inhibitors

Question 3

First and second line treatment for C. diff

Answer 3

Vancomycin is the first line treatment

Fidaxomicin is used as a second line treatment

Question 4

Which cells release gastrin?

Answer 4

G cells

Question 5

Which cells release pepsinogen?

Answer 5

Chief cells

Question 6

What do parietal cells release?

Answer 6

Intrinsic factor
Stomach acid (H+) after gastrin stimulation

Question 7

Histological feature of gastric adenocarcinoma

Answer 7

Signet ring cells (the cytoplasm of these cancerous cells compresses the nuclei to the peripheries of the cells, causing the resemblance to a signet ring)

Question 8

How many people with the HNPCC mutation will get colorectal cancer in their lifetime

Answer 8

Around 90%

Question 9

What is one of the main risk factors for the development of intestinal diverticula

Answer 9

Low fibre diet

Question 10

What is the most common cause of Vit B12 deficiency?

Answer 10

Pernicious anaemia

Question 11

Hirschsprung’s disease

Answer 11

Caused by parasympathetic neuroblasts failing to migrate from the neural crest to the distal colon → developmental failure of the parasympathetic Auerbach and Meissner plexuses