Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Emergency medicine & critical care > Gastrointestinal emergencies > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal emergencies Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Royal College: Emergency Medicine flashcards
1
Q

An acute abdomen can be caused by: (2)

A

Abdominal pain
Pain in the lumbar and / or sacrum region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe AHDS.

A

Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis / acute haemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome (AHDS)

Very acute bloody diarrhea, +/- bloody vomiting

Often accompanied by severe hypovolemic shock

Small breeds have a predisposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Blood analysis during AHDS may show: (3)

A

Strong haemoconcentration
Low TP
Increased LAC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Treatment of AHDS should include: (5)

A

Fluid therapy, shock boluses if necessary
Antiemetics
Gastroprotectants
+/- antibiotics
Feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe Parvovirus cases

A

Infectious disease (unvaccinated animals)
Acute vomiting / diarrhea

Blood samples typically see:
- Neutropenia
- Hypoalbuminemia

Severe hypovolemic shock / dehydration
Rapid test Parvo antigen to diagnose

treat with Antiemetics, gastroprotectants, antibiotics
Feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pancreatitis clinical signs

A

Clinical symptoms are non-specific
Vomiting
Painful abdomen
Inappetence
+/- diarrhea

History often includes a change in diet or fatty food.

Do diagnostic imaging.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Blood analysis of Pancreatitis cases typically see: (5)

A

Dehydration
ALT, ALP, CHOL, TBIL
Pre-renal azotemia
Specific snap tests
Neutrophilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe xray imaging for pancreatitis. (3)

A

Opacity of the cranial abdominal region.

Enlargement of the pyloric and
duodenal angle.

Displacement of the stomach to the
left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe ultrasound for pancreatitis. (3)

A

Peritoneal fluid around the pancreas

Hyperechoic peri-pancreatic region

Hypoechoic pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Treatment of pancreatitis.

A

In uncomplicated cases, clinical improvement will be seen in 48h.

Fluid therapy
Antiemetics
+/- antibiotics

Feeding, feeding tube if necessary

NB! Cats prone to “triaditis”
- IBD
- Hepatitis
- Pancreatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe Foreign bodies In the esophagus -cases

A

May present with Regurgitation, vomiting, coughing, breathing difficulties.

Risk of esophageal perforation
- Spasm of the muscle layer of the esophagus, necrosis of the mucosa.

Complications
- Mediastinitis and pleuritis
- Pyothorax

Endoscopy preferred
Surgery may be required case dependent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe Foreign bodies In the stomach / intestinal tract -cases

A

Anamnesis: Is foreign body likely, is some toy or object missing / has been chewed up etc.?

Diagnostics
- Xray, +/- contrast
- Ultrasound

Treatment either surgical or endoscopic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Intussuseption?
Typical types?
Typical patient?

A

Invagination of a portion of the intestinal tract into the lumen of the adjacent section
of the bowel.

Typical types: ileocolic in dogs and jejunojejunal in cats.

Generally <1y of age.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Possible causes of intussusception: (7)

A

motility disorder,
enteritis,

infection (virus, bacterial, parasitic),
foreign bodies,

prior surgery,
adhesions,
neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe a suspected intussusception patient/case.
Diagnosis made by?

A

History: anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea

Physical examination: dehydration, tachycardia, abdominal pain, mass in abdomen, thickness of intestinal wall, signs of shock.

Diagnosis is made usually based on ultrasound.

Other diagnostics are also necessary for evaluation of the patient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Initial stabilization of an intussusception case.

A

First aim: resolution of dehydration.
- Bolus of crystalloid 15 – 20 ml/kg/h for 20min then reassessment.

If hemodynamically stable, then correction of dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.

Antiemetics
Analgesia- opioids
If we suspect sepsis – antibiotics

Minimal database: PCV, TP, GLU, LAC, LYTE4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe surgery of intussusception.

A

Only After initial stabilization

Diagnostic laparotomy:
- Check the GI tract fully
- Often there is more than one intussusception place.

Manual reduction: is often not possible so
Intestine resection and anastomosis is required.

Afterwards perform Enteroplication so that it would not repeat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Prognosis after intussusception surgery.

A

Recurrence 3 – 27%. Usually within 3 days.

Recurrence more common if
enteroplication is not performed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

AKI can be categorized as…

A

IRIS acute kidney injury Grade I-V

AKI Grade allocated based on blood creatinine and clinical description.

Grade I: < 1.6 mg/dl CREA, nonazotemic AKI (see image)
and so on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

AKI are mostly what type?

A

Ischemic/inflammatory 58%

Infectious 8%

Toxic 6%

Septic some smaller %

& In up to 50% of AKI cases, the underlying
cause is not known.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Clinical signs of AKI.

A

Apathy
Vomiting
Anorexia

Polyuria, oliguria, anuria

Halitosis, necrosis of the tip of the tongue, peripheral edema (uremia).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why would necrosis of the tip of the tongue be seen in animals with acute kidney injury?

A

uremia causes damage to various tissues, including the oral mucosa, which can lead to ulceration and necrosis of soft tissues such as the tongue.

Kidney dysfunction can also lead to vascular abnormalities, such as vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels) or microthrombi.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

urinalysis in AKI may see: (3)

A

Isosthenuria
Stix: glycosuria, proteinuria, bilirubinuria
pH acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

hematology in AKI may see: (3)

A

Hemoconcentration or low PCV
Leukocytosis – infectious
Leptospirosis / borreliosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

x-ray / ultrasound in AKI may see: (2)

A

Normal or enlarged kidneys
Free fluid and omental reaction around the kidneys.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Treatment of AKI.

A

Treatment is generally supportive treatment.

Fluid therapy
- Ins/OUTs
- Monitor for fluid overload

Antiemetics
Analgesia

Diuretics
Dialysis

Prognosis: Mortality 45 – 60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

typical Feline urinary obstruction patient:

A

usually castrated male cats, 2-6 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Possible causes of Feline urinary obstruction

A

Physical resistance:
- Bladder stones, mucous plugs
- Strictures and neoplasia – less common

Idiopathic (FIC)
- More than 53% of cases
- Environment, diet, behavioral factors, stress.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Specific Clinical signs of Feline urinary obstruction vs less or non-specific signs.

A

Specific
- Pollakisuria (frequent, abnormal urination)
- Stranguria (painful urination)
- Dysuria (abnormal urination)
- Hematuria
- Inappropriate urination
- Vocalization
- Large bladder, pain

Less specific
- Inappetence
- Apathy
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Respiratory signs: tachypnea, open-mouth
breathing
- Cardiovascular: bradycardia, dysarrythmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Diagnostics for feline urinary obstruction.

A

Clinical examination

Blood samples:
- Electrolytes
- Biochemistry (kidney enzymes)
- CBC

Further diagnostics (after initial stabilization)
- Urine sample (sediment + culture)
- Xray
- Abdominal ultrasound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

First line stabilization for feline urinary obstruction. (6)

A

IV catheter – collection of blood samples
- Opioid or sedation if necessary in angry animals

ECG
Fluid therapy
Analgesia / muscle relaxation

Sedation / anesthesia
Urinary bladder catheterization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Describe Fluid therapy in feline urinary obstruction upon presentation.

A

Evaluate the cardiovascular system
- HR
- Rhythm
- Perfusion (pulse, mucous membranes, CRT)
- ECG

Ri-Lac usually first choice (faster resolution of metabolic acidosis)
- Dosages
Shock boluses – ¼ - 1/3 of shock dose 15 – 20 min, repeat if necessary

If the patient is cardiovascularly stable, then decide the dosages based on
dehydration and maintenance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What main biochemical change may be seen in feline urinary obstruction cases?
And what does the change cause?

A

Hyperkalemia: Potassium, normally excreted by the kidneys, accumulates in the blood when the obstruction prevents urine flow.

Clinical signs may be unspecific.
- Muscle tremors
- Lethargy
- Arrhythmias

Changes in the ECG may occur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Hyperkalemia treatment

A

Fluid therapy and catheterization.

Decompressive cystocentesis if needed.

K < 6.5 mEq/L
- Fluid therapy

K 6.5- <8 mEq/L
- 0,5 ml/kg 50% dextrose (dilute 1:4 NaCl)

K >8 mEq/L, +/- changes in the ECG
- 0,5 – 1 ml/kg 10% calcium gluconate IV supports and protects the heart.
- 1ml/kg 50% dextrose (dilute 1:4 NaCl) + insulin 0.25 U/kg IV.

35
Q

Why is 50% dextrose administered in certain types of hyperkalemia veterinary patients (such as urinary obstruction)?

A

K 6.5- <8 mEq/L
- 0,5 ml/kg 50% dextrose (dilute 1:4 NaCl)

K >8 mEq/L, +/- changes in the ECG
- 1ml/kg 50% dextrose (dilute 1:4 NaCl) + insulin 0.25 U/kg IV.

This treatment works through an indirect mechanism to temporarily shift potassium from the bloodstream into cells, thereby lowering serum potassium concentrations and reducing the risk of life-threatening complications like cardiac arrhythmias.

Glucose -> insulin -> promotes the uptake of glucose into cells, but it also facilitates the movement of potassium into cells via sodium-potassium ATPase pumps.

36
Q

Analgesia and anesthesia for feline urinary obstruction cases.

A

Analgesia and premedication:
Butorphanol (0,1 – 0,4 mg/kg)
- Moderate to good sedation
- Short duration (60 – 90 min)
- Not good for analgesia

Methadone (0,05 – 0.6 mg/kg)
- Moderate sedation
- Duration 2-4h
- Good analgesia

Sedation and muscle relaxation
- Midazolam (0.05 – 0.2 mg/kg)

Induction
- Propofol (4 – 8 mg/kg) IV

37
Q

Treatment of urinary obstruction.

A

Catheterization!

Treatment after catheterization –
hospital/stationary treatment.

Catheterization and hospitalization
reduces the risk for recurrence.

Cats, who were sent home after
catheterization were 3.7 times more
likely to develop urinary obstruction
again.

Finding out the cause and treating it is the main thing!

38
Q

Describe Fluid therapy in feline urinary obstruction during hospital treatment (so not initial therapy).

A

Fluid therapy varies in patients, evaluate according to the situation. Recheck every 2-4h!

Take into account maintenance, dehydration and ongoing losses due to
post-obstructive diuresis.
- Happens in 46% of cats

Be aware of fluid overload!

UOP (urine output)
Cats 0,5 – 1 ml/kg/h
Dogs 1 – 2 ml/kg/h

Check UOP, emptying of the bladder, weight, closed system collection bags, RR rate.

39
Q

What exactly is post-obstructive diuresis?

A

refers to the excessive production of urine that occurs after the relief of a urinary obstruction. It is a compensatory response by the body following the restoration of urine flow after a period of urinary blockage.

Osmotic Diuresis: The accumulated waste products (e.g., urea) create an osmotic gradient in the renal tubules, drawing water into the urine and further increasing urine output.

40
Q

UOP (urine output)
Cats
Dogs

A

Cats 0,5 – 1 ml/kg/h
Dogs 1 – 2 ml/kg/h

41
Q

Analgesia in urinary obstruction.

A

Opioids
- Buprenorphine, methadone, fentanyl
- Smallest dosage that ensures analgesia and relaxation of the urethral sphincter.

NSAID
- Meloxicam (0.05 – 0.1 mg/kg SC, PO q24h).
- Only if the patient is stabilized, euvolemic and kidney values have become
normal.

Tamsulosin
Gabapentin, pregabalin

42
Q

What is tamsulosin?

A

is an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist (alpha-blocker) that relaxes the smooth muscles in the urinary tract, particularly the bladder neck and prostate. It is primarily used to improve urine flow in conditions where obstruction or spasm of the urinary tract is present.

indicated for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and urinary retention etc.

43
Q

Describe pregabalin in vet med?

A

Pregabalin is an anticonvulsant and neuropathic pain medication used in veterinary medicine primarily for managing chronic pain, particularly neuropathic pain. It is also used in certain cases for seizure control and to treat anxiety in animals.

Pregabalin works by binding to the alpha-2-delta subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels in the central nervous system (CNS). This reduces the release of excitatory neurotransmitters (such as glutamate, norepinephrine, and substance P), which are involved in pain transmission and seizure activity.

44
Q

Describe Antibiotics in urinary obstruction cases.

A

Bacterial lower urinary tract infections are rare.

If the urine culture is negative, there is no reason to start with AB.

Rare occasions if there is prior catheterization in history.

UTI is rare in sterile catheterization

Urine sample for culture when catheter is removed.

Always favor cystocentesis for UA.

45
Q

In dogs, the standard pregnancy lasts for

A

57 – 72 days

46
Q

In cats with induced ovulation, the standard pregnancy lasts for

A

63 – 65 days

47
Q

Pyometra primarily affects older intact bitches and queens.

Risk factors: (4)

A

Increasing age
Nulliparity
Breed
Administration of exogenous estrogen or progesterone.
- Administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate increased prevalence of pyometra by 45%.

48
Q

Describe pyometra Pathogenesis.

A

Occurs typically during diestrus.
- Progesterone stimulates endometrial growth and glandular secretory activity.
- It also reduces myometrial contractility and maintains cervical closure.
- Diminishes immune function.
- Increases endometrial bacterial adherence.

Often cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEF) precedes pyometra, but not always.

Many bitches have concurrent urinary tract infections.
- E.coli is the most common bacteria.

49
Q

Pyometra patient history typically…?
Clinical signs? (6)

A

History
- Around 30 days after proestrus
- Use of exogenous progesterone
- Infertility

Clinical signs:
- Vaginal discharge (can do cytology)
- Fever
- PU/PD
- Anorexia
- Dehydration
- Signs of sepsis

50
Q

Diagnostics for pyometra?

A

Imaging:
- U/S – most sensitive
- Xray

+ Blood samples

51
Q

Blood samples in pyometra cases may reveal: (6)

A

Neutrophilia – band neutrophils

Up to 70% anemia of chronic disease

hyperproteinemia/ hyperglobulinemia due to dehydration and inflammation

Hypoalbuminemia due to sepsis

Elevated kidney and liver enzymes

Electrolyte imbalances: especially glucose (hyper-), hyperkalemia

(canine pyometra cases typically exhibit hyperkalemia due to factors like renal dysfunction, dehydration, and metabolic acidosis)

52
Q

Treatment of pyometra.

A

Surgical
- OHE (Treatment of choice)
- Prior stabilization
- Use of aglepristone (P4 blocker)

Medical
- Used in valuable breeding dogs
- Has different protocols

53
Q

Prognosis for pyometra surgery or medical management.

A

Survival rate 92%

Most common complication is peritonitis.

Recurrence in medical treatment 20-77% within 1 – 2 years.

40 – 90% of bitches whelp a normal litter after medical management

54
Q

Possible causes of Vaginal / uterine prolapse and ddx.

A

Vaginal / uterine prolapse is rare,

Poss causes:
Stretching / laxity of the pelvic muscles
Uterine atony
Traumas
Dystocia

DDx:
Tumors of the uterus, vagina and
urethra
Metritis
Pelvic prolapse / edema

55
Q

Treatment of Uterine prolapse.

A

Manual reponation (restoration)
The prolapsed part of the uterus is rinsed with physiological solution and lubricated
with a water-absorbing lubricant.

Reinsertion of the uterus is carried out through the vagina, for which continuous
manipulations are performed through the abdominal wall.

Manual vaginal inspection and abdominal palpation are necessary to confirm
position.

Once the partial reinsertion is done, a laparotomy is performed for further
reinsertion and, if necessary, an ovariohysterectomy.

It is also possible to consider pefroming a pexy, where the uterus is attached to
the ventrolateral abdominal wall.

If vaginal reinsertion is not possible: amputation of the uterus.

56
Q

Causes of penile prolapse. (4)

A

Narrowing of the opening of the foreskin (paraphimosis)

Hypoplasia of the foreskin

Weak muscles of the foreskin

Penis enlargement (priapism)
- Caused by trauma, neoplasia, drying, or hair retention on the penile mucosa.

57
Q

Treatment of penile prolapse.

A

Ingrown/misdirected hairs that are stuck to the penis or foreskin mucosa should be removed immediately, as they prevent normal blood supply.

Swelling reduction: cold compress, local hyperosmolar solution (e.g. 50% dextrose).

Immediate release of the foreskin from pinching/ tightening.

Penile aspiration (removal of excess fluid from the corpus spongiosum of the penis).

The penis should be placed back into the foreskin to prevent further injury.

Surgery

If there is an injury or obstruction to the urethra, before dealing with penile trauma, the obstruction must be removed or urine diversion (e.g catheter) should be ensured and the resulting hyperkalemic state stabilized.

58
Q

Describe Penile prolapse.

A

A very painful condition

Xray of the penile bone should be taken to rule out a fracture of the penile bone, neoplasia, and the presence of a foreign body.

Palpation of the prostate gland and foreskin.

Vascularity check – foreskin color, CRT and temperature.

Lighter ulcers must be cleaned and should heal well with conservative treatment.

In case of large and deep ulcers, surgical intervention is necessary.

Depending on the findings, the necessary diagnostic examinations (US, contrast
urethrography, CT, biopsy, etc.) will be decided.

Conservative treatment: local treatment (wound), oral antibiotics, NSAIDs, temporary catheter.

59
Q

GDV is?
+ risk factors?

A

Gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV) is a life-threatening condition.

Risk factors:
Deep chest
Age
Fast eating/feeding once a day
Dry food
Nervous / fearful temperament

Looseness or agenesis of the gastric ligaments

60
Q

Cardiovascular changes GDV causes: (4)

A

Compression of the portal vein and caudal vena cava

Venous blood return to the heart is inhibited, blood pressure lowers

Compression of the portal vein causes swelling and distension of the GI system; the volume of blood in the vessel decreases.

Oxygen supply decreases

61
Q

Toxemic changes caused by GDV: (4)

A

Bacterial translocalization

Production of free radicals – direct toxic damage to tissues

Tissue hypoxemia and death

Lactic acid production – anaerobic metabolism

62
Q

Diagnosis of GDV based on: (3)

A

Anamnesis

Xrays
- Capture Thorax as well to check for aspiration pneumonia.

Lactate
- ≤ 6 mmol/L – 99% survival
- ≥ 6 mmol/L – 58 % survival
- ≥ 9 mmol/L – 1% survival

The decrease in lactate levels post-op is more important though.

If the drop is more than 50%, then the prognosis is good.

63
Q

Lactate levels in GDV can tell you what?

A

Prognostic indicator

Lactate
- ≤ 6 mmol/L – 99% survival
- ≥ 6 mmol/L – 58 % survival
- ≥ 9 mmol/L – 1% survival

The decrease in lactate levels post-op is more important though.

If the drop is more than 50% from pre-op, then the prognosis is good.

64
Q

The type of shock in GDV.

A

Hypovolemic,
Obstructive &
Distributive

65
Q

Points of Stabilization of GDV patient. (7)

A

Hypotension treatment with:
- Dopamine 3 – 10 μg/kg min CRI
- Dobutamine 5 – 15 μg/kg min CRI

Antibiotics
- Broadspectrum
- Prior to surgery
- Cefazolin 20 – 22 mg/kg IV

Antiarrhythmics
- Ventricular arrhythmias
- Start prior to surgery
- Lidocaine 1 – 2 mg/kg IV

Analgesia
- Methadone
- Fentanyl
- FLK

Antiemetics

Gastric lavage if possible with a tube

Decreasing the bloat (Biggest IV catheters as trocar)

66
Q

What is The gastric invagination technique?

A

Gastric Invagination for GDV Induced Necrosis is a surgical technique.

The necrotic area of stomach, instead of being removed by partial gastrectomy, was pushed into the stomach lumen and over sewn with inverting suture patterns. The devitalized tissue was left to be digested by the stomach enzymes allowing the healthy tissue to heal.

67
Q
A

Belt-loop gastropexy is a simple and commonly used method.

Create a 3- to 4-cm-long by 3- to 4-cm-wide seromuscular flap in the pyloric antrum. Incorporate one or two branches of the right gastroepiploic artery into the flap.

Using atraumatic forceps or a stay suture, pass the seromuscular flap in a caudal to cranial direction through the “belt loop” in the abdominal wall.

Suture the seromuscular flap back into its original position by using a 3-0 absorbable monofilament suture with a simple interrupted suture pattern.

68
Q

Post – op GDV care. (9)

A

Monitor hydration, BP
Vasopressors / positive inotropes if necessary
MAP above 60 mmHg

Oxygen therapy
Monitoring for arrhythmias – intervention if necessary
Analgesia (FLK / methadone)

Do not use NSAIDs
Do use Gastroprotectants
Feeding is important as well

69
Q

Normal gestation in dogs lasts

A

57 – 72 days (65 d)

70
Q

Labor indicators in dogs (2)

A

Body temperature drops below 37.6’C, Labor will start in 12 – 24h.

Progesterone drops below 2 ng/ml.

71
Q

The fetal expulsion stage of labor can last how long in dogs?

A

abdominal contractions and clear vaginal discharge may last 12-24 hours

the first puppy should be delivered in 2-4 hours from onset of contractions

72
Q

Placenta should be expelled how long after fetal expulsion

A

10-25 min after each puppy

73
Q

Criteria for examination of a potential dystocia dam (9)

A

Prolonged gestation without signs of labor

Body temperature decrease below 37.6 for 12 – 24h, without signs of labor

Body temperature increase for prolonged time

Vaginal discharge for more than 2 -3 h

Labor activity stops for more than 8h

Active and strong abdominal contractions for 30min, without expulsion of a puppy.

Labor stage 2 lasting for more than 12h.

Abnormal discharge

Signs of systemic illness

74
Q

Vaginal discharge differentials based on appearance of discharge.

A
75
Q

uteroverdin is

A

the green pigment of the dog’s placenta

76
Q

Clinical examination and diagnostics for a potential dystocia dam. (5)

A

General examination
Vaginal examination
Mammary glands
Xray (Number, position, size of fetuses)
Ultrasound (HR and movement of fetus)

77
Q

Blood samples from dystocia dam. (6)

A

Ca
Glu

PCV/PP
UREA, CREA

WBC
RBC

78
Q

Obstructive dystocia is

A

Secondary to reasons caused by the mother or the fetus – the fetus is either in the wrong position, too big, dead, or the mother’s birth canal is not wide enough.

79
Q

Non – obstructive dystocia is due to

A

Primary uterine inertia +/- atony

80
Q

Primary uterine atony is treated with

A

Exogenous oxytocin (0.25 U/ per animal, SC/IM. Max doose 4U/per animal)

Calcium gluconate (proper ECG monitoring required)

Consider the clinical condition of the dam and the number of fetuses (If the dam is tired and there are still many puppies to come, a C-section is indicated)

81
Q

Review causes of dystocia.

A
82
Q

Review causes of functional and obstructive dystocia in dogs.

A
83
Q

What is tocodynamometry?

A

The pressure-sensitive contraction transducer, called a tocodynamometer or TOCO for short, records the pressure force produced by the contorting abdomen during uterine contractions.

When a patient goes into labor or is experiencing contractions, a TOCO, which resembles a belt, is placed on the abdomen of the patient.

84
Q

Indications for cesarean section. (11)

A

Emergency medicine & critical care (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions