Gastrointestinal disease Flashcards by Emma Wright

What non-invasive test for helicobacter has been described?

C-urea blood/urine

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What can cause false positive CPV-2 ELISA results?

Recent vaccination

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Which campylobacter species have been associated with disease?

Jejuni and coli

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Which clostridia species have been associated with diarrhoea in dogs and cats? What toxins do they produce?

Difficile - toxin A (enterotoxin), toxin B (cytotoxin)
Perfringens - CPE

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Where is heterobilharzia americana seen? What disease does it cause?

Louisiana and Texas
Schistosomiasis

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How is heterobilharzia americana diagnosed?

Sodium chloride flotation sedimentation
PCR

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How is folate absorbed?

Folate polyglutamate deconjugated by folate deconjugase into folate monoglutamate
Absorbed by receptors in proximal small intestine

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What is calprotectin?

Marker of neutrophilic inflammation

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What is a marker of a) mast cell degranulation and b?eosinophil acticity

a) Methylhistamine
b) Brominated tyrosine

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What salivary glands are present in dogs/cats?

Major - parotid, zygomatic, mandibular, sublingual
Minor (cats only) - lingual molar gland

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Which muscles possess 2M fibres?

Temporal, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid

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Which salivary gland is most commonly affected by sialadenitis?

Zygomatic

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What conditions are associated with pharyngeal weakness?

Morphological abnormalities - infection, inflammation, trauma, neoplasia, UES obstruction
Functional causes - myasthenia, muscular dystrophy, polymyositis, hypothyroidism, cranial nerve neuropathy

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What forms of cricopharyngeal dysphagia are recognised?

Congenital/acquired
Achalasia - failure to relax
Asynchrony - lack of coordination

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How is cricopharyngeal achalasia treated?

Surgical myotomy or myectomy of the cricopharyngeal muscle
Botulinum toxin injection

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How is cricopharyngeal asynchrony treated?

Less evidence. Case report of myectomy

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What treatments have been shown to reduce the risk of reformation after balloon dilation of oesophageal strictures?

Triamcinolone
Topical mitomycin C

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Which breeds are associated with vascular ring anomalies?

GSD and Irish Setters

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What are the most common oesophageal neoplasms in dogs? what is a risk factor for their formation?

Osteosarcoma/fibrosarcoma
Transformation of granules associated with Spirocerca lupi

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What is the most common oesophageal tumour in cats?

SCC

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How are oesophageal granulomas associated with spirocerca lupin treated?

Doramectin (SC or oral)

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What types of oesophageal diverticula are recognised?

Pulsion - secondary to increased intraluminal pressure
Traction - secondary to peri-oesophageal inflammation

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What conditions are associated with acquired megaoesophagus?

Myasthenia, hypoadrenocorticism, lupus myositis, polymyopathies, polyneuropathies, dysautonomia, lead poisoning, severe oesophagitis

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Diarrhoea ddx

Ettinger pg 1517

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What hormone stimulates migrating my-electric complexes?

Motilin

What is the function of TLR2?

Recognise gram-ve lipoprotein

What is the function of TLR4?

Recognise gram -ve lipopolysacharide

What is the function of TLR5?

Recognise bacterial flagellae

What is the function of NOD2?

Recognises bacterial lipopolysaccharide

What is the function of Th-1 cells? What cytokines do they produce?

IL-2/IFN-gamma Activation of CD8 cytotoxic T cells

What is the function of Th-2 cells? What cytokines do they produce?

IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-13 B-cell activation

What is the function of Th-17 cells? What cytokines do they produce?

IL-17 Inflammatory response

What is the function of Th-3 cells? What cytokines do they produce?

TGF-beta Effectors of oral tolerance

What is the function of CD25+ Foxp3+ T cells? What cytokines do they produce?

IL-10 Suppressor - regulatory cells

What is the receptor for salmonella invasion?

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

Where do ETECs cause damage?

Where do EHECs cause damage?

Large intestine

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. a) Species affected, b) route of infection, c) tissue affected, d) treatment, e) prognosis

a) Cats b) Eating infected rodents/birds c) Large intestine d) Oxytet / TMPS e) Poor

What is the treatment for salmon poisoning?

Oxytetracycline Praziquantel (trematode vector)

What is the mechanism of blue green algae toxicity?

Syntehsise anti cholinesterase Induces vomiting, diarrhoea, ataxia and death

What are the a) clinical and b) histo features of Basenji enteropathy? c) What is the prognosis?

a) PLE with hyperglobulinaemia and hypergastrinaemia b) LP gastritis, mucosal hyperplasia. Intestinal lesions characterised by increased CD4 and CD8 T cells c) Poor

What breed is affected by familial PLE and PLN?

Soft-coated Wheaten Terriers

What test can be predictive of familial PLE in SCWT?

pANCA

What are the causes of secondary lymphangiectasia?

Infiltration of lymphatics by inflammation, fibrosis or neoplasia Obstruction of thoracic duct r-CHF

What non GI condition has been described in association with lymphangiectasia?

Granulomatous hepatopathy

What 2 GI conditions has been described in association with lymphangiectasia in Lundehunds?

Chronic gastritis and gastric carcinoma

What test can diagnose PLE in Lundehunds before signs develop?

Faecal alpha1-PI

What are the most common GI neoplasms in a) cats and b) dogs?

a) Lymphoma, adenocarcinoma, MCT b) Adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, smooth muscle/stromal tumours

How do a) intermediate to high grade, b) low grade and c) granular GI lymphoma present in cats? What lineage are the neoplastic cells and what is the prognosis?

a) Focal mass. T or B. 7-10 months b) Diffuse thickening. T. 19-29 months c) Focal mass (sometimes with extra intestinal involvement). T cell. 17 days

Where are adenoma/adenocarcinoma of the GIT found most commonly in a) dogs and b) cats

a) LI > SI b) SI > LI

Where is the predilection site for SI carcinoma in a) dogs and b) cats?

a) Duodenum b) Jejunum and ileum

Is COX-2 expressed in GI epithelial tumours?

In dogs but not cats

Where are GI smooth muscle tumours found in dogs/cats?

Dogs - jejunum/caecum Cats - SI

How are smooth muscle tumours and GISTs distinguished?

GIST - c-kit expression SM - SMA

In what breeds are granulomatous colitis recognised?

Boxers, French Bulldogs, Mastiffs, Malamutes, English Bulldogs

How is a diagnosis of granulomatous colitis confirmed?

PAS-staining and FISH

What is an algal cause of large intestinal diarrhoea? How is it diagnosed?

Prototheca Cytology of rectal scrapings +/- histo

How is prototheca treated? What is the prognosis?

Amphotericin B and itraconazole Poor - invariably fatal

What protozoa is associated with LI diarrhoea and access to pigs?

Balantidium coli

How is tritrichomonas foetus treated? What is a side effect of treatment?

Ronidazole Neurological signs

What are the reservoir and intermediate hosts of heterobilharzia Americana?

Racoons and snails

What are typical biochemical findings in schistosomiasis?

Decreased albumin, increased globulins, LE elevation, +/- hypercalcaemia (granulomatous)

How is schistosomiasis treated?

Fenbendazole and praziquantel

How are feline colonic adenocarcinoma treated? What is the prognosis?

Subtotal colectomy and carboplatin

What breed are predisposed to adenomatous cold-rectal polyps?

Miniature dachshunds

What is a reported medical treatment for colonic vascular ectasia?

Oestrogens

How does sympathetic stimulation affect glandular secretion?

Slight to moderate increase in secretion However, constricts blood vessels, reducing secretion

What is the structure of an oxyntic gland?

Mucous neck cells superficially Oxyntic cells in middle Enterochromaffin cells Peptic cells deep

Describe gastric acid secretion

pg812

What stimulates gastric acid release? What cells do they also stimulate?

ACh - parietal, peptic and mucous Gastrin - parietal Histamine - parietal

What is the function of the ECL cells? What are they stimulated by?

Produce histamine - stimulates acid secretion Gastrin

Where is gastrin secreted? What stimulates it's release?

G cells - pylorus Protein in antrum

What stimulates pepsinogen secretion?

ACh H+ in stomach

What activates trypsinogen?

Enterokinase - SI mucosa Trypsin

What stimulates pancreatic secretion? Which component of the secretion to each stimulate

ACh - digestive enzymes CCK - digestive enzymes Secretin - water and HCO3

Where is secretin released? What stimulates its release?

S cells of duodenum HCl

Where is CCK released? What stimulates its release?

I cells duodenum and upper jejunum Presence of products of protein digestion and LCFAs

How does secretin alter biliary secretion?

Adds water and HCO3

What 4 types of atresia ani are described?

Type I - anal stenosis Type II - imperforate anus Type III - imperforate anus and cranially terminating rectum Type IV - discontinuity of the proximal rectum with normal terminal rectal development