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Gastrointestinal > Gastrointestinal Conditions > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main infection that causes gastric and duodenal ulcers?

A

H.pylori

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2
Q

Is H.pylori gram negative or gram positive?

A

Gram negative

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3
Q

Where does H.pylori colonise?

A

In the gastric mucosa

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4
Q

What does H.pylori release to help adhere to gastric foveolar cells?

A

Adhesins

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5
Q

What is the role of adhesins released in H.pylori?

A

Help them adhere to gastric foveolar cells

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6
Q

What causes damage to the mucosal cells in an H.pylori infection?

A

Proteases

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7
Q

What area of the stomach does damage from H.pylori start?

A

Antrum

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8
Q

How does the use of NSAIDs contribute to peptic ulcers?

A
  • NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase, involved in the production of prostoglandins
  • Prostoglandins stimulate mucus and bicarbonate secretion, which is protective for the stomach lining against hydrochloric acid
  • Reducing level of prostoglandins over a prolonged period leaves gastric mucosa susceptible to damage
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9
Q

What are (2) dangerous spots for gastric ulcers?

A
  • Lesser curvature of stomach → can erode into left gastric artery
  • Posterior wall of duodenum → can erode into gastroduodenal artery
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10
Q

What artery may bleed if a gastric ulcer erodes into the wall of the lesser curvature of the stomach?

A

Left gastric artery

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11
Q

What artery may bleed if a gastric ulcer erodes into the posterior wall of the duodenum?

A

Gastroduodenal artery

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12
Q

What is a complication of a duodenal ulcer that is more likely on the anterior wall of the duodenum?

A

Perforation

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13
Q

What is the cause of shoulder pain in a perforated duodenal ulcer?

A

Irritation of the phrenic nerve

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14
Q

What complication of long-standing duodenal ulcers near the pyloric sphincter can occur due to edema or scarring?

A

Gastric outlet obstruction

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15
Q

What is the main symptom of gastric and duodenal ulcers?

A

Epigastric pain: aching or burning in upper abdomen

Other symptoms

  • Bloating
  • Belching
  • Vomiting
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16
Q

What type of peptic ulcer pain increases while eating?

A

Gastric ulcer: due to physical presence of food

17
Q

What type of peptic ulcer pain decreases while eating?

A

Duodenal ulcer

18
Q

What type of peptic ulcer is more associated with weight loss?

A

Gastric ulcer

19
Q

What type of peptic ulcer is more associated with weight gain?

A

Duodenal ulcer

20
Q

What is the clinical presentation of a bleeding peptic ulcer (5)?

A
  • Haematemesis/Melena
  • Tachycardia
  • Hypotension
  • Abdominal pain
  • Anaemia
21
Q

In the Forrest Classification of Bleeding Activity, what type is active bleeding?

A

Type I

22
Q

In the Forrest Classification of Bleeding Activity, what type is recent bleeding?

A

Type II

23
Q

In the Forrest Classification of Bleeding Activity, what type is no bleeding?

A

Type III

24
Q

In the Forrest Classification of Bleeding Activity, what is Type Ia?

A

Spurting blood (active bleeding)

25
Q

In the Forrest Classification of Bleeding Activity, what is Type Ib?

A

Oozing blood (active bleeding)

26
Q

In the Forrest Classification of Bleeding Activity, what is Type IIa?

A

Non-bleeding visible vessel (recent bleeding)

27
Q

In the Forrest Classification of Bleeding Activity, what is Type IIb?

A

Adherent clot (recent bleeding)

28
Q

In the Forrest Classification of Bleeding Activity, what is Type III?

A

Clean, no stigmata (no bleeding)

29
Q

In the Forrest Classification of Bleeding Activity, what is type is spurting bleed?

A

Type Ia

30
Q

In the Forrest Classification of Bleeding Activity, what is type is oozing bleed?

A

Type Ib

31
Q

In the Forrest Classification of Bleeding Activity, what is type is non-bleeding visible vessel?

A

Type IIa

32
Q

In the Forrest Classification of Bleeding Activity, what is type is adherent clot?

A

Type IIb

33
Q

In the Forrest Classification of Bleeding Activity, what is type is clean, no stigmata?

A

Type III

Gastrointestinal (4 decks)

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