Gastrointestinal Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Summary of what acute gastroenteritis is

A

an infectious condition which presents with pain, diarrhea and vomiting. Can be caused by bacteria or viruses and results in inflammation of the GI tract

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2
Q

Causes of gastroenteritis (3)

A

food containing pathogens
medication
contamination

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3
Q

Where and with who is gastroenteritis more common?

A

areas in poor sanitation
winter months
elderly and children

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4
Q

Symptoms of gastroenteritis

A

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, pain, loss of appetite, fever, chills and aching limbs

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5
Q

complications of gastroenteritis

A

dehydration
haemodynamic instability

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6
Q

Symptoms of appendicitis

A

right iliac pain but in the early stages pain may be in the umbilical region
nausea, vomiting, low grade pyrexia, rebound tenderness

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7
Q

What is cholecystitis

A

an obstruction of the cystic duct leading from the gall bladder to the duodenum - usually by gallstones

gall bladder becomes inflammed and red and bile cannot empty

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8
Q

What often causes gall stones to form?

A

abnormal metabolism

high cholesterol and bilirubin

gall bladder doesnt empty properly

= chemical imbalance

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9
Q

Risk factors for cholecystitis (5)

A

age, diet, obesity, high cholesterol, imbalance of oestrogen

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10
Q

Describe the route to developing cholecystitis

A

liver secretes bile which has a chemical imbalance = inflammation = bile less soluble = cholesterol, calcium and bilirubin develop into gallstones = poor/absent blood flow to the gall bladder = cholecystitis

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11
Q

Symptoms of cholecystitis (9)

A

RUQ pain, pain may radiate to chest and shoulders, increased gas, vomiting, fever, sweating, loss of appetite, jaundice and a bulge in the abdomen

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12
Q

Which two conditions come under inflammatory bowel disease

A

ulcerative colitis and Chron’s

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13
Q

Where does ulceration start in ulcerative colitis

A

starts in the rectum and travels up the colon

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14
Q

what does ulceration in the colon cause

A

bleeding and pus production

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15
Q

Risk factors for ulcerative colitis (4)

A

ages 15-30
Middle aged
Genes
Stress

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16
Q

Symptoms of ulcerative colitis (11)

A

rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, urgency to go to the toilet, weight loss, fever, fatigue, dehydration, joint pain, canker sores, irritated and red eyes and erythema nodosum

17
Q

stages of ulcerative colitis

A

proctitis - proctosigmoiditis - left sided - extensive colitis - pancolitis - toxic colitis

18
Q

What can toxic colitis result in

A

trapped gas, enlarged colon

colon can split causes septicaemia

loss of blood flow can lead to shock

19
Q

Treatment for ulcerative colitis

A

relieve symptoms and prevent them from returning

medication: amino salicylates, corticosteroids and immunosuppressants

surgery to remove all or part of the colon, stoma can be created (ileostomy)

20
Q

Where does Chron’s affect?

A

autoimmune condition that affects any part of the GI tract and can be in patches

21
Q

inflammation is an effect of Chron’s disease, what can this inflammation lead to?

A

oedema, ulceration, fissures and abscesses

22
Q

Risk factors for Chron’s disease

A

genes
younger adults
middle aged adults

23
Q

Symptoms of Chron’s disease (7)

A

rectal bleeding, spasm of the oesophagus, loss of appetite, diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever and tiredness

24
Q

Complications of Chron’s disease

A

malnutrition, anaemia, vitamin D deficiency and impaired growth

25
Treatment for Chron's
medicines to reduce inflammation - steroid tablets medicines to stop inflammation occuring again surgery to remove a small part of the digestive system
26
IBS overview
common long term condition of the digestive system symptoms are similar to those in IBD linked to food passing too quickly or too slowly through the digestive tract can be managed with lifestyle changes
27
Where will pancreatitis pain be?
LUQ or epigastric region
28
Common causes of pancreatitis
alcohol abuse, gallstones, trauma, elevated calcium levels and certain medications
29
Symptoms of pancreatitis (10)
pain that can radiate to the back, nausea, vomiting, fever, tachycardia, hypotension, jaundice, weight loss, Grey Turner's sign and Cullen's sign
30
What are Grey Turner's and Cullen's signs?
GT = bruising to the flanks C = bruising around the umbilicus
31
complications of pancreatitis
internal bleeding and diabetes
32
Symptoms of bowel obstruction
feeling full, constipation, abdominal pain, cramping, bloating, lack of appetite, tachycardia, dark coloured urine and distension
33
Bowel sounds in a bowel obstruction
early = high pitched tinkling sounds late = reduced/absent