First Aid Flashcards

1
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of the recovery position

A

Advantages: simple, quick, no equipment and postural drainage
Disadvantages: no definitive airway - aspiration may still happen

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2
Q

Wound definition

A

An injury to living tissue caused by a blow, cut or other impact, typically causing skin to become broken

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3
Q

Closed Wounds

A

Contusions, bruises and crush injuries
Damage to blood vessels under the epidermis
pain and swelling
haemorrhagic shock can occur due to internal bleeding

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4
Q

Abrasions and Lacerations

A

Abrasions: caused by friction and often affects the superficial layer but can go deeper, may contain dirt. Consider nerve endings and infection

Laceration: Tearing or splitting of skin due to blunt trauma

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5
Q

Incisions and Punctures

A

Incisions: breaking of skin due to a sharp object, usually clean. Consider depth and structures beneath

Punctures: penetrating wounds due to sharp, narrow objects. Leave object inside

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6
Q

Avulsions and Amputations

A

Avulsions: top layer of skin tearing, more common in elderly or as a result of poor manual handling techniques

Amputations: partial or complete severing of a digit or limb, take missing parts to the hospital

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7
Q

Bites and Gunshots

A

Bites: what has bitten the person? lacerations and bruising

Gunshots: caused by a projectile object moving at speed, entry wound and potential exit wound. Varying amounts of damage

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8
Q

What types of haemorrhage cannot be assessed?

A

bruising
nose bleeds
haemothorax
intercranial

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9
Q

Characteristics of capillary haemorrhage

A

slow and even flow
bright red colour

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10
Q

Characteristics of venous haemorrhage

A

steady and slow flow
Dark red colour

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11
Q

Characteristics of arterial haemorrhage

A

spurting blood
pulsating flow
bright red colour

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12
Q

General signs of an internal haemorrhage

A

SOB, chest pain, dizziness, bruising around navel or sides of abdomen, nausea, vomiting, blood in urine, abdominal pain, signs of shock, bleeding from nose and mouth

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13
Q

Signs of a head haemorrhage

A

weakness on one side, headache, tingling, visual and auditory disturbances, issues with speaking and chewing

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14
Q

Signs of bleeding into joints and muscles

A

reduced range of motion, joint pain and swelling

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15
Q

Grey Turner’s Sign

A

large retroperitoneal haemotoma
blood enters the space behind the posterior reflection fo the abdominal peritoneum

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16
Q

Management of haemorrhage: direct pressure

A

with cloth, tissue or gauze
check for foreign bodies
if blood bleeds through then apply more cloth, tissue or gauze but leave the old one in-situ

17
Q

Management of haemorrhage: elevate limb

A

raise limbs to reduce blood flow
raise them above the level of the heart

simple plaster/ gauze with conforming bandage wrapped around

18
Q

Management of haemorrhage: dressings

A

cover wound and edges
hold the dressings at edges - do not touch wound
check distal circulation before and after

19
Q

Management of haemorrhage: foreign objects

A

if they are small enough then remove them with water

if not, leave them in the wound

protect the area with sterile gauze

20
Q

Management of haemorrhage: haemostatic dressing

A

thin bandages or gauze that have chemicals that help seal the wound

use to pack wounds

21
Q

Management of haemorrhage: tourniquets

A

consider in the presence of severe haemorrhage that cannot be relieved by direct or indirect pressure

warn patient of pain and place 2-3 inches above bleeding site

22
Q

Stage 1 of hypovolaemic shock

A

up to 750ml blood loss
vital signs remain normal

23
Q

Stage 2 of hypovolaemic shock

A

compensation stage
750-1500ml blood loss
100-120 bpm
RR = 20-30
Reduced BP
Pt will be mildly anxious

24
Q

Stage 3 of hypovolaemic shock

A

Decompensated stage
1500ml-2000ml
120-140bpm
RR = 30-40
Reduced BP
Pt will be anxious and confused

25
Stage 4 of hypovolaemic shock
irreversible stage over 2000ml blood loss pulse rate greater than 140bpm RR will be above 35 Reduced BP Pt will be confused and lethargic
26
Symptoms of hypovolaemic shock
pallor, cold peripheries, anxiety, abnormal behaviour, tachycardia, tachypnoea and altered consciousness
27
Name the types of fractures
transverse, open, oblique, comminuted, avulsed, spiral and greenstick
28
Types of force than can cause fractures
Direct - blunt force such as in RTCs Indirect - bone breaks a distance away from point of impact Pathological conditions - reduction in calcium - weaker bones
29
What should be considered when asking about the mechanism of injury for a fracture?
How did it happen establish a mental image of the direction of the force, magnitude and duration ask pt to demonstrate on the uninjured limb ask if the patient could mobilise immediately after the injury if it was on the lower limbs
30
Fracture assessment key points (4)
check joint below and above the fracture inspection: swelling, deformity, wounds, haemorrhage and colour changes Palpation: injured and surrounding area. assess severity of pain check the range of movement, motor function and sensation feeling
31
Signs and Symptoms of Fractures B SLIP DUCT
bruising, swelling, loss of function, irregularities, pain, deformity, unnatural movement, crepitus and tenderness
32
6Ps of a musculoskeletal assessment
Pain or tenderness Pallor - pale skin or poor capillary refill Paraesthesia Pulses - diminished or absent Paralysis Pressure - potential for compartment syndrome
33
Advantages of immobilisation
reduces pain prevents further injury ensures vascular and neurological supply to affected area reduces risk of fat embolism promotes recovery