Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phase 2a > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

What is the intestinal microflora?

A

A complex ecosystem of over 400 bacterial species. They prevent infection by interfering with pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What substances in the GI tract are defensive against mechanisms?

A
  • Intestinal microflora
  • Gastric acid
  • Bile
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is diarrhoea?

A

Passage of loose or watery stools, at at least three times in 24 hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is chronic diarrhoea?

A

Diarrhoea with symptoms of over 30 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the causes of infective diarrhoea?

A
  • Intraluminal infection

- Systemic infections e.g. sepsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the non-infective causes of diarrhoea?

A
  • Cancer
  • Chemicals
  • IBD
  • IBS
  • Endocrine dysfunction
  • Radiation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the most common cause of acute diarrhoea?

A

Intraluminal infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List some possible micro-organisms causing watery diarrhoea

A
  • Bacteria= Vibrio cholerae, E coli, Clostridium perfringens, staph aureus
    Viral= Rotavirus, norovirus
    Parasitic= Giardia cryptosporidium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

List some possible micro-organisms causing bloody diarrhoea

A
  • Bacterial= Shigella, salmonella, E coli

- Parasitic= Entamoeba histolytica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where are rotavirus outbreaks common?

A

Daycare centres/ nurserys

Most common in children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where are norovirus outbreaks common?

A

Hospitals, restaurants, cruise ships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the most common cause of traveller’s diarrhoea?

A

E coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is cholera treated?

A

Rehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the clinical features of giardia duodenalis?

A
  • Offensive diarrhoea
  • Chronic
  • Bloating
  • Flatulence
  • Abdominal cramps
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is cholecystitis?

A

Gallbladder inflammation, cystic duct obstruction by gall stones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What causes pyogenic liver abscesses?

A
  • Biliary sepsis

- Hematogenous spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the clinical features of liver abscesses?

A
  • Fever
  • Right upper quadrant pain
  • Nausea
  • Vomitting
  • Anorexia
  • Weight loss
  • Malaise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How are liver abscesses diagnosed?

A
  • Abdominal CT or ultrasound
  • Blood cultures and E. histolytica serology
  • Aspiration and culture of abscess material
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How are liver abscesses treated?

A
  • Drainage and antibiotics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is peritonitis?

A

Inflammation of the visceral and parietal peritoneum or secondary to an infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the primary causes of peritonitis?

A

Underlying cirrhosis and ascites, TB peritonitis, PID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the secondary causes of peritonitis?

A

Spillage from a viscus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are some possible causes of intraluminal obstruction?

A
  • Tumour
  • Diaphragm disease
  • Meconium ileus
  • Gallstone ileus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 4 cardinal signs of obstruction?

A
  • Absolute constipation
  • Colicky abdominal pain
  • Abdominal distension
  • Vomitting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are some possible causes of intramural obstruction?

A
  • Inflammatory= Crohns, diverticulitis
  • Tumours
  • Neural= Hirschsprung’s disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where does diverticular disease most commonly occur?

A

Sigmoid colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are some possible causes of extraluminal obstructions?

A
  • Adhesions
  • Sigmoid Volvulus (loop)
  • Peritoneal tumour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the symptoms of intestinal obstruction?

A
  • Colicky pain
  • Vomitting (early in proximal, late in large bowel)
  • Constipation (early in distal, late in small bowel)
  • Obstipation
  • Abdominal distension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the commonest cause of small bowel obstruction?

A

Adhesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the commonest cause of large bowel obstruction?

A

Colorectal malignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the most typical symptom of small bowel obstruction?

A
  • Non- localised cramping pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How is sigmoid Volvulus usually treated?

A

Fluids and decompression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does the apc protein do in normal life?

A

It binds to beta catenin and removes it to keep the levels low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What happens if there is mutated apc protein?

A

The beta catenin levels will rise, causing an unregulation in genes that cause epithelial proliferation= adenoma and carcinoma of the colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What genetic diseases are associated with colorectal carcinoma?

A
  • Familial adenomatous polyposis

- Lynch syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How is colorectal cancer staged?

A

Dukes classification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Why does tumour of the colon metastasise to the liver?

A

The venous drainage of the colon spreads directly to the portal system of the liver, allowing spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is anorexia nervosa?

A

Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements leading to significant low body weight in the context of age, sex, developmental and physical health with an intense fear of gaining weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is bulimia nervosa?

A

Recurrent episodes of binge eating characterised by eating in a discrete amount of time large amounts of food, with a sense of lack of controlled during an episodes. Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviour in order to prevent weight gain (purging).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is diarrhoea?

A

The passage of loose/watery stool 3 or more times in 24 hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the Bristol stool chart?

A

A scale of stool consistency with 1 being very dry and solid, and 7 being very watery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the possible non infective causes of diarrhoa?

A
  • Neoplasm
  • Hormonal
  • Inflammation
  • Irritable bowel
  • Anatomical
  • Radiation
  • Chemical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Briefly explain the chain of infection

A
  • Reservoir
  • Agent
  • Host
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Which types of hepatitis are foecal-oral spread?

A

A and E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are some common organisms that cause blood diarrhoea?

A

Shigella

Salmonella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are some common organisms that cause non-bloody diarrhoea?

A

Rotavirus

Adenovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What virus causes cholera?

A

Vibrio cholerae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are the symptoms of cholera?

A

Severe watery diarrhoea
Vomitting
Thirst
Leg cramps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are common causes of diarrhoea in children?

A
  • Rotavirus or norovirus
  • E coli
  • Salmonella or shigella
  • Cryptosporidium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

An 87 year old resident of a care home presents with confusion, altered consciousness, dehydration and diarrhoea. What is it likely to be?

A
  • Norovirus
  • Diverticulitis
  • UTI
  • Rotavirus
  • C. Diff
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

How does antibiotic-associated c.diff occur?

A

Broad spectrum antibiotics kill the normal gut microbiome, allowing c.diff to be able to grow, causing diarrhoeal illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

How can you reduce spread of c.diff?

A
  • Control antibiotic usage
  • Wash hands, don gloves etc
  • Surveillance and case finding
  • Isolate patients
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

How is c.diff infection treated?

A

Metronidazole

Stop C antibiotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are the at risk groups for diarrhoeal illness?

A
  • Persons of doubtful personal hygiene
  • Children who attend pre-school
  • People work in food preparation
  • HCW/ Social care staff looking after vulnerable people
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is ascites?

A

An accumulation of excess serous fluid within the peritoneal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

How much fluid is normally present in the peritoneal cavity in men?

A

None

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

How much fluid is normally present in the peritoneal cavity in women?

A

20ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are the causes of transudates ascites?

A
  • Low plasma protein concs= malnutrition, nephrotics
  • High venous pressure= Congestive cardiac failure
  • Portal hypertension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What are the causes of exudates ascites?

A
  • Peritoneal malignancy
  • Tuberculous peritonitis
  • Budd-Chiari syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are the clinical features of ascites

A
  • Abdominal distension
  • Nausea
  • Constipation
  • Wasting
  • Pain
  • Jaundice
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

How are ascites treated?

A
  • Treat specific cause
  • Sodium restriction
  • Diuretics
  • Paracentesis
  • Indwelling drain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What are the two parts of the peritoneum?

A
  • The visceral peritoneum

- The parietal peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What are the functions of the peritoneum?

A
  • Visceral lubrication
  • Fluid and particulate absorption
  • Pain perception
  • Inflammatory and immune response
  • Fibrinolytic activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What pathogens cause peritonitis?

A
  • E coli
  • Streptococci
  • Enterococci
  • Clostridium spp.
  • Bacteriodes spp.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Simon, a 57-year-old banker, comes in to the surgery complaining of pain immediately below the ribs. After a taking a history, he tells you the pain is typically worse at night and when he’s hungry but has found that a glass of milk seems to help. He had a MI 3 years ago and takes aspirin daily. What is this history suggestive of?

A

Duodenal Ulcer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Hernia is a type mechanical intestinal obstruction, name 3 sites where you might see a hernia?

A

Inguinal (direct/indirect),

  • Femoral,
  • Umbilical,
  • Incisional (site of previous surgical incision)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

A doctor is performing an abdominal examination of a patient with suspected bowel obstruction.
When they percuss an area of the bowel they hear tympanic sounds. What does this indicate is the contents of the bowel in this area?

A

Air/ Gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What 3 factors would you consider when deciding whether to perform an operation for oesophageal cancer?

A

Is the patient medically fit / age / co-morbidities

  • Has the cancer spread? / Metastasis / Severity of the cancer
  • Is the cancer resectable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Describe 3 differences between Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease?

A
  • Location: UC- Large Bowel Only (1), Crohn’s anywhere in GI tract
  • Appearance: UC= continuous Crohn’s patchy/ skip lesions
  • Histology: UC- mucosa only Crohn’s- transmural
  • Granulomatous: UC not Crohn’s is
  • Serology: UC 70% ANCA Crohn’s 70% ASCA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Patients with Crohn’s disease are often put on long term steroids. What are 2 side effects this may have?

A
  • Weight Gain
  • Decreased Density of Bone / Osteoporosis
  • Increased risk of infection / Immunosuppression
  • Hyperglycaemia/ Link to causing DM+ HTN
  • Effects growth (caution use in younger people)
  • Skin Thinning
  • Fluid Retention/ Oedema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Other than to digest food give 3 functions of the stomach

A
  • Kill Microbes
  • Secrete intrinsic factor / enable B12 absorption
  • Store and/or Mix food
  • Secrete and active proteases
  • Produce stomach acid
  • Regulate emptying into the duodenum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

A 65-year-old woman presents to A&E with a 2-day history of progressive Right Upper Quadrant pain that she rates as 9/10. She reports experiencing fever, and being unable to eat or drink due to nausea and abdominal pain at baseline, exacerbated by food ingestion. Her pain is not relieved by bowel movement and is not related to food. She has not recently taken antibiotics, nor does she use nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or drink alcohol. On examination, she is febrile at 39.4°C; seated BP is 97/58 mmHg; standing BP is 76/41 mmHg. She seems confused. Jaundice. What can this specific set of symptoms be classified as?

A

Reynold’s pentad of ascending cholangitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Define malabsorption

A

Inadequate absorption of nutrients/food in/by the small intestines

74
Q

Which three medications are given to manage a H.Pylori Infection in a patient with dyspepsia?

A
  • Amoxicillin
  • Clarithromycin
  • Omeprazole
75
Q

A patient presents with slate-grey skin, several signs of chronic liver disease and a ferritin level> 1mg.
What is their diagnosis?

A

Haematochromatosis

76
Q

Describe the pain of a patient suffering from appendicitis?

A

Initially a diffuse pain around the centre of the abdomen/umbilicus (1) then localises to the right iliac fossa

77
Q

Name two antibodies involved in coeliac disease?

A
  • IgA Tissue Transglutaminase (tTg)

- IgA Anti-Endomysial (EMA)

78
Q

What are the symptoms of gastro-duodenal ulcer?

A

Non-specific pain

79
Q

What are the layers of the gastric wall?

A
  • Gastric epithelial cells with mucin (Mucosa)
  • Submucosa
  • Muscle
  • Subserosa
  • Serosa
80
Q

What results from mucosal ischaemia?

A
  • The cells will not produce mucin

- Thus there is no protection against acid, so epithelial cell necrosis

81
Q

What are the layers of the bowel wall?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis externa
  • Serosa
82
Q

What is the action of H2 blockers?

A

Block the proton pump in g cells, so less acid is produced, reducing risk of ulcers

83
Q

What do G cells in the stomach produce?

A

Gastrin (Stimulates acid)

84
Q

What do parietal cells in the stomach produce?

A

Gastric acid

Intrinsic factor

85
Q

What do chief cells in the stomach produce?

A

Pepsinogen

Gastric lipase

86
Q

What do D cells in the stomach produce?

A

Somatostatin (Inhibits acid)

87
Q

What do enterochromaffin-like cells in the stomach produce?

A

Histamine

88
Q

What is the action of aspirin?

A

Inhibits prostaglandins (by inhibiting COX2)

89
Q

What does an enteric coat do?

A

Mean the tablet is dissolved by bases, so shouldn’t act within the stomach, so reducing chances of gastric ulcer

90
Q

How does aspirin cause gastric ulcers?

A

It inhibits cox 2, meaning that there is increased gastric acid production

91
Q

How does H. Pylori cause gastric ulcers?

A
  • It lives within the mucin layer of the stomach
  • Produce inflammatory cytokines, which cause neutrophil polymorphs to go into the gastric cells
  • This causes inflammation and less mucin production, so erosion of the epithelial cells
92
Q

List some causes of peptic ulcers

A 
H Pylori
Bile reflux
Alcohol
NSAIDs
Increased acid production= stress
93
Q

What causes the pain in peptic ulceres?

A

The acid has dissolved the peithelial cells, so acid can get onto nerves

94
Q

How can peptic ulcers result in haemorrhage?

A

The ulcer can work its way down to an artery, causing bleeding into the stomach

95
Q

How can peptic ulcers result in peritonitis?

A

The ulcer can work its way down into the peritoneum, resulting in acid secretion into the cavity, which can cause peritonitis and pancreatitis

96
Q

List some common causes of malabsorption?

A
  • Pancreatic insufficiency
  • Defective bile secretion
  • Bacterial overgrowth
  • Coeliacs
  • Crohns
  • Giardia lamblia
  • Surgery
  • Lactose intolerance
  • Lymphatic obstruction
97
Q

What are the symptoms of malabsorption?

A
  • Weight loss without diet changes
  • Fatty stool
  • Anaemia
98
Q

How would pancreatitis cause malabsorption?

A

No or limited digestive enzymes are released

99
Q

How would cystic fibrosis cause malabsorption?

A

Thickening of the bile within the pancreatic bile duct so less digestive enzymes released

100
Q

How would gall stones cause malabsorption?

A

Causes bile duct obstruction so digestive enzymes aren’t added

101
Q

How can coeliac’s disease cause malabsorption?

A

Villi are very short or not presen due to villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia, so less absorptive area

102
Q

How can crohn’s disease cause malabsorption?

A
  • Inflammatory damage to lining of bowel causing cobblestone mucosa with significant reduction in absorptive surface area
103
Q

What are people with coeliac’s disease allergic to specifically?

A

Gliadin protein

104
Q

How would giardia lamblia infection cause malabsorption?

A
  • Extensive surface parasitation will coat the surface of villi thus reducing area for absorption
105
Q

Where does Crohn’s disease affect?

A

Anywhere from the mouth to the anus- can skip regions

106
Q

Where does ulcerative colitis affect?

A

Just the colon and/or rectum (continuous)= distal to the iliocaecal valve

107
Q

What is disaccharidase deficiency?

A

Lactose intolerance

108
Q

What can cause lymphatic obstruction?

A

Lymphoma

TB

109
Q

What is the microscopic appearance of Crohn’s disease?

A
  • Inflammation through all layers of the bowel

- Granulomas present in 50-60%

110
Q

What is the microscopic appearance of Ulcerative colitis?

A
  • Mucosal inflammation
  • No granulomata
  • Depleted goblet cells
111
Q

What are the complications of Crohn’s?

A
  • Malabsorption
  • Obstruction
  • Perforation
  • Fistulas
  • Fissures and skin tags in anus
  • Colorectal cancer
  • Amyloidosis (rare)
112
Q

What are some complications of ulcerative colitis?

A
  • Fatty changes in liver
  • Blood loss
  • Toxic dilation
  • Colorectal cancer
  • Joint problems= ankylosing spondylosis and arthritis
  • Eye problems
  • Skin rashes
113
Q

What is the gold standard diagnosis for Coeliac disease?

A

Distal duodenal biopsy showing atrophy of the villi and crypt hyperplasia

114
Q

How prevalent is coeliac disease?

A

Roughly 1%

115
Q

How does lactose intolerance cause diarrhoea and flattulance?

A

The lactose cannot be digested as there is disaccharidase deficiency, so the lactose is instead digested by bacteria, causing CO2 release

116
Q

What are the classic clinical features of Coeliac disease?

A
  • Diarrhoea
  • Steatorrhoea
  • Weight loss
  • Failure to thrive
117
Q

What is Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

Metaplastic columnar mucosa within the oesophagus due to recurrent acid exposure

118
Q

What is the epithelial lining of the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

119
Q

A 74 year old man presents with a change in bowel habit and anaemia. On colonoscopy it is seen that he has a large tumour in his large bowel which travels into the lumen, and on CT he has metastases in the liver. What Duke’s stage is his cancer?

A

Dukes D

120
Q

What is Dukes A colorectal cancer?

A

Invasion of the colorectal cancer into but not through the bowel wall

121
Q

What is Dukes C colorectal cancer?

A

Colorectal cancer with involvement of the lymph nodes

122
Q

What is Dukes D colorectal cancer?

A

Colorectal cancer with widespread metastases (Liver, spleen etc)

123
Q

Which of the following is false regarding colorectal cancer..
A) Bowel cancer screening is offered to people aged 60+
B) The majority of cancers occur in the proximal colon
C) FAP and HNPCC are two inherited causes of colon cancer
D) Proximal cancers usually have a worse prognosis
E) Patients with PSC and UC have an increased risk of developing colon cancer

A

Correct answer = B

124
Q

What is Dukes B colorectal cancer?

A

Invasion of the cancer through the bowel wall but without any metastases

125
Q

A 50 year old man presents with dysphagia. Which one of the following suggests a benign nature of the disease
A) Weight loss
B) Dysphagia to solids initially then both solids and liquids
C) Dysphagia to solids and liquids from the start
D) Anaemia
E) Recent onset of symptoms

A

C

126
Q

A 32 year old lady complains of a 6 month history of bloating and diarrhoea. Her small bowel biopsy shows villious atrophy and crypt hyperplasia. What is it most likely to be?

A

Coeliac disease

127
Q

What are the Marsh stages used for?

A

Histological staging of villious atrophy for coeliac’s disease

128
Q 
A 19 year old girl presents with abdominal pain and loose stool. Which of the following would suggest IBS
A) Anaemia
B) Nocturnal diarrhoea
C) Weight loss
D) Blood in stool
E) Abdominal pain related to daefacation
A

Correct answer= E

129
Q

What is the Rome IV criteria?

A

The way IBS is diagnosed
Recurrent abdominal pain, on average, at least 1 day per week in the last 3 months. Related to defecation, associated with a change in frequency and form of stool

130
Q

Which statement is true regarding H pyolri
A) It is a gram positive bacteria
B) HP prevalence is similar in developing and developed countries
C) 15% of patients with duodenal ulcer are infected with H pylori
D) PPIs should be stopped a week before a H pylori stool antigen test
E) It is associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer

A

Correct answer = E

131
Q

A 56 year old man presents with abdominal distension adn shortness of breath. Examination revealed fever, tense distended abdomen and shifting dullness. He also has dullness to percussion in right base lung. Several spider naevi are seen on his chest. What is the most important test in managing this patient?

A

Ascitic tap

To ensure there isnt spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

132
Q

Which of the following features best distinguishes ulcerative colitis from Crohn’s disease
A) Ileal involvement
B) Continuous colonic involvement on endoscopy
C) Non caseating granuloma
D) Transmural inflammation
E) Perianal disease

A

Correct answer= B

133
Q 
A 68 year old lady presents with abdominal pain and distention. She last opened her bowel 5 days ago. She has a poor appetite and has lost weight recently. She drinks and smokes regularly. She previously had abdominal hysterectomy and diverticulosis. On examination there is tympanic percussion throughout. There is a small left groin lump with a cough impulse. Which of the following is not the likely cause 
A) Colon cancer
B) Adhesions
C) Ascites
D) Diverticulitis
E) Strangulated hernia
A

Correct answer= C

This is because there wouldn’t be tympanic percussion due to the fluid present

134
Q

A patient drinks 4 pints (568 ml) of beer (4%) a day, and 2 standard (175ml) glasses of red wine (13%) on Saturday and Sunday additionally. How many units is he drinking a week?

A

73

135
Q

A 71 year old man was admittedto hospital with pneumonia after he returned from a cruise. He was treated with a week of co-amoxiclav. On day 7 he started having diarrhoea 10 times a day without blood. He feels unwell and is dehydrated. He has flexible sigmoidoscopy which showed colonies of white pathogens in his bowel. What is the likely organism?

A

C. Diff

136
Q

A 52 year old lady presents with fatigue and itching. She has pale stool and dark urine. She suffers from rheumatoid arthritis and hypercholesterolaemia. She shows spider naevi and hepatomegaly. Her bloods show raised ALP and bilirubin, with positive AMA and raised IgM. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Primary biliary cholangitis (not PSC as she is AMA +ve and has raised IgM). It is associated with RA.

137
Q 
A 16 year old girl is admitted with vomitting and abdominal pain. She reports taking 20 paracetamol tablets after her boyfriend split up with her. Which one of the following would you not expect to see
A) Metabolic acidosis
B) Prolonged prothrombin time
C) A raised creatinine
D) Hyperglycaemia
E) ALT 1000
A

D

Would show hypoglycaemia sinse overdose will inhibit glucose producion

138
Q

What is the foregut supplied by (nervous and arterial)?

A

Coeliac trunk

Greater splanchnic nerve (T5-T9)

139
Q

What is the midgut supplied by (nervous and arterial)?

A

SMA

Lesser splanchnic nerve (T10-T11)

140
Q

What is the hindgut supplied by (nervous and arterial)?

A

IMA

Least splanchnic nerve (T12)

141
Q

What does the transpyloric plane of Addison cross?

A

T1= Gallbladder, pancreas, pylorus, duodenal-jejunal flexure, kidneys

142
Q

Where is McBurney’s point?

A

2/3 of the way from the umbilicus to the anterior superior iliac spine. This is where the appendix lies

143
Q

A patient with a weight of 105 kg and a height of 1.9m would class as what BMI category?

A

Overweight

144
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

ADEK

145
Q

What is HLA DQ2 associated with?

A

Coeliac’s disease

146
Q

List some diseases associated with HLA B27

A

Psoriasis, Ankylosing spondylitis, Inflammatory bowel disease, Reactive arthritis, SLE.

147
Q

What is NOD2 associated with?

A

IBD

148
Q

List some general diseases associated with HLA genes

A

SLE, Rheumatoid arthritis, IBD, T1DM, Multiple sclerosis

149
Q

If a patient has diarrhoea, weight loss and anaemia, what are some differentials?

A

Coeliacs
Cancer
IBD
IBS

150
Q

What conditions are associated with mucous in stool?

A

IBS, Colorectal carcinoma, Gastroenteritis, Ulcerative colitis

151
Q

You susspect a patient has IBD. Give two ways of differentiating

A

pANCA may be positive in UC but will be negative in crohns

Colonoscopy to view macroscopic differences

152
Q 
Which of the following has continuous lesions...
A) IBS
B) UC
C) Crohn's 
D) Coeliac's
A

UC

153
Q 
Which of the following can be managed with TCAs...
A) IBS
B) UC
C) Crohn's 
D) Coeliac's
A

IBS

154
Q 
Which of the following has transmural lesions...
A) IBS
B) UC
C) Crohn's 
D) Coeliac's
A

Crohns

155
Q 
Which of the following has no nocturnal diarrhoea...
A) IBS
B) UC
C) Crohn's 
D) Coeliac's
A

IBS

156
Q 
Which of the following shows villous Atrophy...
A) IBS
B) UC
C) Crohn's 
D) Coeliac's
A

Coeliac’s

157
Q 
Which of the following is more likely to have mucoid Diarrhoea...
A) IBS
B) UC
C) Crohn's 
D) Coeliac's
A

UC

Can also get it in IBS

158
Q 
Which of the following has dermatitis herpetiformis...
A) IBS
B) UC
C) Crohn's 
D) Coeliac's
A

Coeliac’s

159
Q 
Which of the following is a pANCA positive IBD...
A) IBS
B) UC
C) Crohn's 
D) Coeliac's
A

UC

160
Q 
Which of the following has smoking as a protective factor...
A) IBS
B) UC
C) Crohn's 
D) Coeliac's
A

UC

161
Q 
Which of the following is tTG and EMA positive...
A) IBS
B) UC
C) Crohn's 
D) Coeliac's
A

Coeliacs

162
Q 
Which of the following has 3 distinct subtypes...
A) IBS
B) UC
C) Crohn's 
D) Coeliac's
A

IBS

163
Q 
Which of the following would use methotrexate to maintain remission...
A) IBS
B) UC
C) Crohn's 
D) Coeliac's
A

Crohns

164
Q

A patient presents with diarrhoea, abdominal pain and bloating for the past 7 months. Her stool is pale and floats and has a “vile stench”. She has Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis. What investigation should be offered to her definitively confirm her diagnosis?

A 
Duodenal biopsy (shows villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia)
=to confirm coeliac's disease
165
Q

A woman presents with left lower quadrant abdominal pain with episodes of bloody and mucoid diarrhoea. You send for a colonoscopy and biopsy; and her results come back showing continual inflammatory lesions extending from the rectum. What is the first line management to induce remission?

A

5-aminosalicylic acid= Sulphasalazine or Olsalazine

= Likely to be ulcerative collitis

166
Q 
A 13 year old child presents in a&e with severe pain and vomitting. The pain has migrated over the last few hours around their umbillicus to a sharp pain in her RLQ. She has guarding and tenderness in this area. Which of the following is the least common cause of acute appendicitis
A) Trauma
B) Metastases
C) Worms
D) Bezoars
E) Lymphoid hyperplasia
A

Metastases

= Most common would be facecloths

167
Q

An elderly gentleman presents to A&E with constant pain in his abdomen and distension. He has not passed wind or emptyed his bowels for 3 days. He has no bowel sounds and is known to have colorectal carcinoma. What would be the first investigation?

A

Abdominal X ray

(CT is gold standard but not as easy)

= Obstruction

168
Q

What is the most common cause of large bowel obstruction in the UK?

A

Malignancy

169
Q 
Which of the following is the most common cause of diarrhoea in adults...
A) Norovirus
B) C. Jejuni
C) Rotavirus
D) E. Coli
E) Salmonella
A

A

170
Q

How is H. Pylori eradicated?

A

Triple Therapy

  • PPI e.g. lansoprasole
  • 2 of; Metronidazole, bismuth, amoxicillin, tetracycline, clarithromycin
171
Q

What is the chemotherapy regime for gastric/ oesophageal cancer?

A

ECF

= Epirubicin, cisplatin and 5-Flurouracil

172
Q 
What is the first line test for coeliac disease
A) FBC
B) HLA DQ2 genotyping
C) Serology
D) Duodenal Biopsy
E) Colonoscopy
A

C

173
Q

If a patient presents with a PMH of atrial fibrilation, and has abdominal pain. What should be your first thought.

A

Mesenteric ischaemia

174
Q 
Glenis is a 78 year old lady with a 3 hour history of severe and worsening abdominal pain. On examination, she is very uncomfortable but there are few findings. She has a PMH of HTN and AF. What is the most likely diagnosis? 
A) Pancreatitis
B) Gastroenteritis
C) Peritonitis 
D) Volvulus 
E) Mesenteric Ischaemia
A

E

175
Q

Which type of inguinal hernia is medial to the inferior epigastric vessels?
Direct or Indirect

A

Direct

176
Q

What are the three groups that we use when considering the possible causes of intestinal obstruction? Give an example of each.

A
  • Intraluminal= Tumours, gallstone ileus,
  • Intramural= Crohn’s, Diverticulitis
  • Extraluminal= Volvulus, Adhesions
177
Q

What is the most common type of colorectal cancer? What examination must be performed in suspected colon cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma

- Digital rectal exam (30% of colon cancer can be palpated with the finger)

178
Q

List five non-infective causes of diarrhoea.

A
  • Neoplasm
  • Hormonal
  • Inflammatory
  • Radiation
  • Irritable bowel
  • Chemical
  • Anatomical
179
Q

Diarrhoea is the second leading cause of death in children under 5 globally. What is the underlying reason for this?

A

Poor sanitation

180
Q

What organism can cause dyspepsia and how do we test for it?

A

Helicobactor pylori which is most commonly detected using a stool antigen test before initiation of treatment.

181
Q

What two medications are used to treat dyspepsia?

A

H2 blockers such as ranitidine and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) such as omeprazole.

182
Q

How is coeliac’s disease screened for?

A

First line bloods tests are immunoglobulin A tissue transglutaminase antibody and total IgA. IgA Endomysial antibody can be used if IgA tTGA is unavailable

Phase 2a (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions