Gastrointestinal Flashcards
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
it is said to exist when reflux of stomach contents (acid with/without bile) causes troublesome symptoms (defined as 2 or more heartburn episodes a week) and/or complications
Mallory Weiss tear
this is a linear mucosal tear occurring at the oesophagogastric junction and produced by a sudden increase intra-abdominal pressure
dyspepsia
one or more of the following:
postprandial fullness
early satiation
epigastric pain or burning for more than 4 weeks
red flag alarm symptoms for cancer
unexplained weight loss anaemia evidence of GI bleeding e.g. melaena (dark tar like stools) or haematemesis dysphagia upper abdominal mass persistent vomiting
parietal cells
secrete HCl
chief cells
produce pepsinogen
enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells
release histamine (stimulates acid release)
mucus secreting cells
secrete mucin and bicarbonate
G cells
secrete gastrin (stimulates acid release)
D cells
secrete somatostatin (suppressant of acid secretion)
Peptic ulcer disease
a peptic ulcer consists of a break in the superficial epithelial cells penetrating down to the muscularis mucosa of either the stomach or the duodenum; there is a fibrous base and an increase in inflammatory cells
varices
dilated vein which is at risk of rupture resulting in haemorrhage and in the GI system can result in GI bleeding
Achalasia
characterised by oesophageal aperistalsis and impaired relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter
scleroderma/systemic sclerosis
a multi-system disease that affects the body by hardening connective tissue
gastritis
inflammation that is associated with mucosal injury
