Gastrointestinal

Question 1

what must you always do when treating an animal for anorexia/hyporexia?

Answer 1

identify and treat the underlying cause!! almost always a secondary issue

Question 2

what part of the brain is the appetite center and satiety center?

Answer 2

hypothalamus

Question 3

name two GABA agonists used to stimulate appetite

Answer 3

benzodiazepines (diazepam, midazolam) and propofol

Question 4

T/F: propofol is more short term than benzodiazepines when used for appetite stimulation

Answer 4

TRUE, about 15 min. benzodiazepines are also useful short term

Question 5

what can giving a cat PO diazepam cause?

Answer 5

hepatotoxicity

Question 6

why might you be cautious in giving a cat propofol to stimulate appetite?

Answer 6

heinz body anemia is possible if given for more than 5 days

Question 7

what appetite stimulant is fairly new and only labeled for dogs?

Answer 7

capromorelin

Question 8

what is the MOA of capromorelin?

Answer 8

ghrelin agonist, as ghrelin increases in [ ] the hypothalamus is stimulated to increase appetite

Question 9

what two appetite stimulant’s common side effect is sedation?

Answer 9

benzodiazepines and cyproheptadine

Question 10

T/F: cyproheptadine is more effective in dogs than cats and takes 2-3 days to see a response

Answer 10

FALSE, it’s more effective in cats

Question 11

what is the MOA of cyproheptadine?

Answer 11

blocks serotonin (5-HT2) receptors, inhibits satiety center

Question 12

what is the MOA of mirtazapine?

Answer 12

antidepressant that blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 (serotonin) receptors, increases NE centrally

Question 13

T/F: mirtazapine is used more in dogs while cyproheptadine is more effective in cats

Answer 13

TRUE

Question 14

besides being an antidepressant and appetite stimulant, mirtazapine also has what effect?

Answer 14

anti-emetic

Question 15

T/F: cats have MORE a-2 and 5 HT receptors and FEWER D2 and H1 receptors than dogs

Answer 15

TRUE

Question 16

quick! bear just ate a whole bag of m&ms and we’re 5 hours away from the nearest clinic. what can you give him to induce vomiting?

Answer 16

hydrogen peroxide 3%

Question 17

what is the MOA of hydrogen peroxide 3% to induce vomiting?

Answer 17

direct irritation of oropharynx/GI lining

Question 18

why can’t you use hydrogen peroxide 3% for a cat?

Answer 18

hemorrhagic gastritis

Question 19

T/F: hydrogen peroxide 3% is a centrally acting emetic

Answer 19

FALSE, peripheral

Question 20

oops! i gave WAY too much apomorphine to one of my dog patients and now he’s going into respiratory distress. what can i give him to reverse the effects?

Answer 20

naloxone! DOES NOT reveres emetic effect

Question 21

apomorphine isn’t very effective in cats. what is a better choice if i need to make simba vomit?

Answer 21

xylazine or dexmedetomidine

Question 22

why are xylazine or dexmedetomidine more effective as an emetic in a cat vs. a dog?

Answer 22

cats have MORE a-2 receptors and FEWER d2 receptors. it’s all about receptors!!

Question 23

what is the MOA of xylazine and dexmedetomidine as emetics?

Answer 23

a-2 agonists

Question 24

i just gave comet maropitant citrate SC and he tried biting me! what gives?

Answer 24

give comet a break, that shit stings!

Question 25

what are the two different levels that NK1 receptors work at?

Answer 25

blocks substance P and works at the CRTZ and peripherally the GIT

Question 26

emetic center =

Answer 26

CRTZ

Question 27

what is the MOA of maropitant citrate?

Answer 27

NK1 antagonist

Question 28

what two things are maropitant labeled for?

Answer 28

prevention in motion sickness in dogs and acute vomiting in dogs and cats

Question 29

in what situation is maropitant citrate contraindicated?

Answer 29

bone marrow suppression w/ high doses in young dogs

Question 30

what anti-emetic prokinetic, works at D2 receptors and also blocks 5-HT3 receptors?

Answer 30

metoclopramide

Question 31

T/F: ondansetron acts on serotonin receptors centrally AND peripherally

Answer 31

TRUE

Question 32

if ondansetron is more potent than metoclopramide then why would a vet choose to prescribe metoclopramide?

Answer 32

ondansetron is spendy $$