Gastroenterology & General Surgery - Mnemotechnics & Key points Flashcards
Gastroenterology
Causes of Abdominal Distention
6 F’s
- Fat
- Feces
- Fetus
- Flatus
- Fluid
- Fatal Growth
Gastroenterology
Approach to Peptic Ulcer Disease
- Stop NSAIDs
- Acid neutralization
- H. pylori eradication
- Quit smoking
Gastroenterology
Infectious Causes of Inflammatory Diarrhea
“Your Shit Smells Extremely Crappy”
Y Yersinia S Shigella S Salmonella E E. coli, E. histolytica C Campylobacter, C. difficile
Gastroenterology
Fat soluble Vitamins
ADEK
Gastroenterology
Vitamin K dependent coagulation factors
“1972 Canada vs. Soviet”
X, IX, VII, II protein C and S
*Vitamin K antagonists (e.g. warfarin) affect function of these factors
Gastroenterology
Where is found Gluten
Gluten found in “BROW”
B Barley (Cebada) R Rye (Centeno) O Oats (controversial) (Avena) W Wheat (Trigo)
Gastroenterology
Causes of Constipation
-DOPED-
D Drugs O Obstruction P Pain E Endocrine dysfunction D Depression
Gastroenterology
Lower Gl Bleed Etiology
-CHAND-
C Colitis [radiation, infectious, ischemic, IBD (UC > CD)] H Hemorrhoids/fissure A Angiodysplasia N Neoplastic D Diverticular disease
Gastroenterology
Portal Hypertension Signs and Management
A. Signs Esophageal varices Melena Splenomegaly Ascites Hemorrhoids
B. Management
β-blockers
Nitrates
Shunts [e.g. transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)]
Gastroenterology
Precipitating Factors for Hepatic Encephalopathy
-HEPATICS-
H Hemorrhage in Gl tract / Hypokalemia E Excess dietary protein P Paracentesis A Alkalosis/Anemia T Trauma I Infection C Colon surgery S Sedatives
Gastroenterology
Charcot’s Triad
For Acute Cholangitis or Multiple Sclerosis
• RUQ pain
• Fever
• Jaundice
Gastroenterology
Reynold’s Pentad
For Ascending Cholangitis
• Charcot’s triad
• Hypotension
• Confusion
Gastroenterology
Pancreatic Enzymes
- Amylase
- Lipase
- Trypsin
- Chymotrypsin
General Surgery
Indications for Urgent Operation
-HIPO-
H Hemorrhage
I Ischemia
P Perforation
O Obstruction
General Surgery
Biochemical Signs for Deferentiating Jaundice
Hepatocellular: ↑ Billiruben + ↑ ALT/AST
Cholestatic: ↑ Billiruben +↑ ALP/GGT ± duct dillitation upon biliary USG
Hemolysis: ↑ Haptoglobin + LDH
General Surgery
Top 3 Causes of Small Bowel Obstruction
-ABC- (in order)
A Adhesions B Bulge (hernias) C Cancer (neoplasms)
General Surgery
Top 3 Causes of Large Bowel Obstruction
(in order)
- Cancer
- Diverticulitis
- Volvulus
General Surgery
Where is the McBurney’s Sign?
Tenderness 1/3 the distance from the
Anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus on the right side
General Surgery
Crohn’s Disease 3 Major Patterns
- Ileocecal 40% (RLQ pain, fever, weight loss)
- Small intestine 30% (especially terminal ileum)
- Colon 25% (diarrhea)
General Surgery
AXR findings in Cecal Volvulus
AXR: Central cleft of “coffee bean” sign points to RLQ.
General Surgery
AXR findings in Sigmoid Volvulus
AXR: Central cleft of “coffee bean” sign points to LLQ.
Barium enema: “ace of spades” or “birds beak” sign.
General Surgery
Signs for Gastric Volvulus
Brochardt’s Triad
- Epigastric distention
- Failure to pass NG tube
- Emesis followed by inability to vomit
General Surgery
Risk factors for cholesterol stones
4F’s
Fat
Female
Fertile
Forties
General Surgery
Common Bacteria in Biliary Tract
-KEEPS-
K Klebsiella E Enterococcus E E. Coli, Enterobacter P Proteus, Pseudomonas S Serratia
