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Small Animal Medicine II > Gastroenterology > Flashcards

Gastroenterology Flashcards

1
Q

Caused by inflammatory bowel disease restiricted to this area, Heliobacter, Physaloptera (more in dogs), Ollulanus (more in cats). Signs include chronic vomiting (daily) and anorexia

A

Chronic gastritis

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2
Q

How to diagnose intestinal lymphangiesctasia

A

Clinical pathology: Hypoalbuminemia, Hypocholesterolemia

Snowballs that leak chyle following biopsy when endoscope used. Full thickness biopsy may be helpful

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3
Q

Ascending infection from the intestinal tract up the biliary tree and sometimes invading the hepatic parynchyma

A

Suppurative cholangitis/ cholangiohepatitis

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4
Q

Normal frequency with normal to increased volume and possible melena

A

Small bowel diarrhea

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5
Q

Drugs used to prolong transit time. Used as symptomatic treatment of diarrhea

A

Loperamide and Diphenoxylate

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6
Q

First diagnostic approach to esophageal disease. If no foregin object or perforation use barium contrast

A

Plain cervical and thoracic radiographs

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7
Q

Treatment of antibiotic responsive enteropathy

A

Tetracycline, tylosin, or amoxicillin usually 2-4 weeks

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8
Q

Wearing of the teeth. If gradual reparative dentin is laid down to prevent pulp exposure.

A

Attrition

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9
Q

How to differentiate lymphosarcoma from IBD in histopath

A

Immunohistochemical stains show monoclonal population or there are findings in other organs. Paneoplastic hypercalcemia may be seen

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10
Q

Caused by gastroesophageal reflux, persistent vomiting, foreign bodies. Also common with doxycycline administration and recent anesthesia

A

Esophagitis

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11
Q

Idiopathic condition with loss of autonomic nerve function so see loss of both sympathetic and parasympathetic tone. Usually see megaesophagus with concurrent dysuria, dilated pupils, constipation. Effects any non conscious action of the ANS. Occurs more commonly in the central midwest US dogs.

A

Dysautonomia (Key Gaskell)

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12
Q

Treatment for acute gastritis

A

Supportive care of parenteral fluids. Withholding food for 12-24 hours. Refeed small amounts initially and water with a bland diet.

If doesnt response to conservative therapy diagnosis probably not correct.

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13
Q

Treatment for intestinal lymphangiectasia

A

Treat underlying cause.

If idiopathic: ultra-low fat diet, prednisone to decrease inflammation from granulomas.

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14
Q

Diagnosis of periodontal disease

A

Based on oral exam, both initial and under general anesthesia with probe and dental radiographs

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15
Q

Canine Dental Formula

A

2 (I 3/3 C 1/1 P 4/4 M 2/3) = 42

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16
Q

How to diagnose antibiotic responsive enteropathy

A

Response to therapy. Can be supported by low cobalamin and high folate in serum.

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17
Q

Developmental abnormalities of Westies, Scotties, and Cairn terriers. Can exhibit swelling of mandible and TMJ. Resolves at maturity.

A

Craniomandibular osteopathy

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18
Q

Four mechanisms of hepatic lipadosis

A

Increases lipid mobilization from peripheral fat (Insulin deficiency or anorexia)
Decreased oxidation of liver lipids
Reduction of lipid removal from the liver (fasting)
Excessive lipid synthesis in the liver (Not part of clinical hepatic lipadosis)

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19
Q

Has greatest diagnostic value in the dog and cats for pancreatitis

A

Pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (PLI)

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20
Q

Could be due to gastroduodenal reflux induced vomiting which occurs when stomach has been empty for long period of time like overnight. Treat by feeding extra meal later at night

A

Bilious vomiting syndrome

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21
Q

Used in diarrhea to absorb toxins. Makes stool seem more firm and the salicylate may have anti-prostaglandin activity so it is bad for cats

A

Bismuth subsalicylate

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22
Q

Treatment for hiatal hernia

A

If symptomatic: surgery using gastropexy and reconstruction of the esophageal hiatus. Supportive care for reflux used.

If no surgery just use supportive care. Prognosis good after surgery and with aggressive medical management.

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23
Q

Mandibular branch of trigeminal affected. Need supportive care for 1-9 weeks of recovery

A

Idiopathic Trigeminal Neuritis

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24
Q

Fluid choice as maintenance after animals with loss from vomiting and anorexia is corrected.

A

Half strength saline with 5% dextrose or oral fluids. Helps prevent hypernatremia.

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25
Q

Chronic inflammatory disease. Suspected immunodeficiency in GSD. Characterized by fistulous tracts that form from the deeper structures to the skin around the anus and sometimes inside the rectum. Colitis may be present along with smell and pain. Diagnosis from exam

A

Perianal fistula

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26
Q

Acute care for megacolon

A

De-ostipation with fluids, enemas, PEG solutions. Do not use phosphate enemas or detergent.

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27
Q

Unknown syndrome with poor gastric emptying with a lack of anatomic obstruction or inflammatory lesions. In dogs. Causes vomiting several hours after eating

A

Idiopathic gastric hypomotility

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28
Q

How to diagnose acute gastritis

A

Exclusion based on history and PE. Radiographs and blood work should be included

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29
Q

Treatment for perianal fistulas

A

Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus for 16 weeks or until 2 weeks past resolution.
Antibiotics and hypoallergenic diet, Neuter

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30
Q

Requires opening (relaxation) of the lower esophageal sphincter when the food bolus arrives

A

Gastroesophageal phase of swallowing

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31
Q

How disease of the GIT causes vomiting

A

Through noiceptors and stretch receptors sending efferent information via vagus to the emesis center

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32
Q

Six sided soft steel bur on an air driven high speed hand piece scaler. Vibrates calculus off. Has potential to cause enamel injury or injury to the pulp.

A

Rotary Scaler

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33
Q

Syndrome that can accompany many GIT diseases. Intestines are “Leaky” through inflammation, infiltration, and congestion or bleeding leading to low protein states. Pan-hypoproteinemia expected. Cats are not usually effected

A

Protein losing enteropathy

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34
Q

Alveolar bone fuses to cementum of tooth in absence of periodontal ligament

A

Anklyosis

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35
Q

Can be seen in cytology and gastric washings

A

Ollulanus

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36
Q

Treatment for chronic active hepatitis

A

Prednisone, Ursodiol, and S-AMe

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37
Q

Painful condition in cats, idiopathic but could be related to excessive host response to oral flora or calci virus. Complaint includes halitosis, dysphagia, and ptylism

A

Lymphocytic plasmacytic stomatitis

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38
Q

Trauma leads to bleeding of pulp and blood travels up dentin tubules to give tooth a pink tone. May resolve but is considered irreversible damage when tooth is purple or gray.

A

Pulpitis

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39
Q

Drugs used to shorten transit time. Used as Prokinetics

A

Metoclopromide, Cisapride, Erythromycin, Ranitidine

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40
Q

Involves primary peristalsis which is triggered by swallowing and secondary peristalsis which is triggered by stretch of the esophagus to move the food to the lower esophageal sphincter.

A

Esophageal phase of swallowing

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41
Q

Fluid replacement for supportive care in severe pancreatitis cases

A

IV crystalloid fluid therapy (Lactated ringers)

-Colloids used if hypoproteinemia or shock due to antithrombotic effects

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42
Q

Dopamine receptor blockade used to prevent vomiting

A

Metoclopromide

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43
Q

A diaphragmatic abnormality that allows part of the stomach to prolapse into the thoracic cavity. Shar pei dogs are predisposed. Regurgitation is most common sign.

A

Hiatal hernia

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44
Q

Clinical pathology changes with hepatic lipadosis

A

Increased bilirubin, Increased ALP, Increased GGT maybe.

Increased PT/PTT and ACT because of Vit K deficiency.

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45
Q

Inflammation of the lips, could be immune mediated

A

Chelitis

46
Q

How to diagnose exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

A

Measure trypsin-like immunoreactivity (its low in effected dogs)

47
Q

Caused by ingestion of bad food, FB, toxins, and drugs. More common in dogs than cats. Signs include vomiting, and anorexia but often no clinical signs

A

Acute gastritis

48
Q

Used where there is back diffusion of HCl acid across the mucus gel barrier causing ulceration to the gastric, esophageal or duodenal mucosa.

A

Antacids.

Maalox, Sulcralfate, Famotadine (H2 antagonist), PPIs, Prostoglandin E (Misoprostol)

49
Q

Combination used to treat heliobacter

A

Metronidazole, Omeprazole, and Amoxicillin

50
Q

How to diagnose IBD

A

Elimination of known causes of small bowel diarrhea with intestinal biopsy. Full thinkness biopsies are gold standard.

What is seen on endoscopy might not match histopathology.

51
Q

Treatment for IBD

A

Before Biopsy: if not hypoproteinemic- dewormer, elimination diet (often home cooked 2-4 weeks), and antibiotic trial.

After Biopsy: Strict hypoallergenic diet combines with immunosuppressive therapy and possible antibiotic therapy.

52
Q

Diagnosis of FORLs in cats by

A

Take radiograph of third left and right mandibular premolars, if affected cats whole mouth should be evaluated

53
Q

How to diagnose esophageal cicatrix

A

Contrast esophagram or esophagoscopy

54
Q

Substance P inhibitor used to prevent vomiting

A

Cerenia

55
Q

Scaler that uses an air compressor with a high speed hand piece to generate a lower frequency vibration to produce minimal heat. Water used as an irrigant. Expensive and need good compressor for power.

A

Sonic Scaler

56
Q

May be indicative of abnormal bacterial population in the small intestine

A

Decreased cobalamin but increases folate

57
Q

Congenital causes of esophageal weakness

A

Idiopathic megaesophagus and myasthenia gravis

58
Q

Severe portal fibrosis, nodular hyperplasia and bile duct hyperplasia probably end stage of the previous inflammatory processes if the cat survives

A

Biliary cirrhosis

59
Q

Etiology unknown but Clostridial enterotoxin suspected. Usually small breed dogs. Signs include perfuse hematemesis and hematochezia with systemic signs.

A

Hemorrhagic Gastroenteritis (HGE)

60
Q

Lymphocytes and plasma cells are the major inflammatory cell consituent. Hyperplasia of the biliary ductules and fibroplasia of the periductal tissues is a prominent feature.

A

Chronic nonsuppurative cholangitis or lymphocytic cholangitis

61
Q

Treatment of esophageal cicatrix

A

Balloon dilation or bougienage followed by intralesional/systemic corticosteroids. Usually referral. Use same therapies for esophagitis.

62
Q

How to diagnose esophagitis

A

Esophagoscopy with or without biopsy are needed.

63
Q

Minimum data base for ill vomiting animals without obvious cause

A

CBC, Chemistry, and Urinaylasis

64
Q

Antihelmetics used empirically in acute or chronic diarrhea

A

Fenbendazole or Drontal Plus both for 21 days

65
Q

A stricture that may result from esophageal mucosal injury. Clinical signs are regurgitation.

A

Esophageal cicatrix

66
Q

Feline Dental Formula

A

2 (I 3/3 C 1/1 P 3/2 M1/1) = 30

67
Q

Drug that helps liquefy bile

A

Ursodeoxycholic acid

68
Q

Treatment for HGE

A

Aggressive fluid therapy and parenteral antibiotics (ampicillin)

69
Q

Can be detected by placing biopsy in medium that detects urease production

A

Heliobacter

70
Q

When doing this do not use >3000rpm, and spend more than 15 sec on each tooth. Removes microscopic etches in the enamel.

A

Polishing

71
Q

In dogs permanent canines are in

A

16-24 weeks

72
Q

Treatment for copper storage disease

A

Chelate (d-penicillamine) and decrease further copper uptake from GI tract by giving zinc

73
Q

When do you use local antimicrobials such as Doxirobe or Clindoral

A

If areas of periodontal attachment loss after cleaning the region.

74
Q

Malabsorptive disease in the intestines. Idiopathic in cause. Can effect any area of GIT. Usually a response to bcterial or dietery antigens. Abnormal inflammatory cell infiltrate found on histopath usually predominated by cell type like lymphoplasmacytic or eosinophilic. Some breeds have own version of disease. Signs depend on area of GIT effected.

A

Inflammatory bowel disease

75
Q

Treatment for EPI

A

Pancreatic enzyme supplementation with a low fat diet (<15%) forever. Response should be within 1 week but if not consider antibiotic responsive diarrhea or us H2 blocker

76
Q

Pathogenesis of periodontal disease

A

Combination of oral flora and host defenses and periodontal ligament loss. Microorganisms mix with salivary proteins and extracellular polysaccharides to form soft plaque which adheres to dental surfaces and mineralized.

77
Q

Maldigestive disease in the intestines. Caused by pancreatic acinar atrophy. Common in German Shepherds 1-5 years old. Signs include weight loss and good appetite with chronic small bowel disease

A

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

78
Q

Autoimmune to 2M myofibrils found in masticatory muscles leads to pain, swelling, and atrophy.

A

Masticatory myositis

79
Q

Used for patients with severe periodontal disease. Often started prior to cleaning and extended after for 7- 10 days

A

Systemic antimicrobials

80
Q

Normal bite is

A

Upper incisors rostral to lower incisors, lower canine between upper canine and 3rd incisor

81
Q

Pitting and discoloration of enamel in young dogs and is indicitive of systemic fever or inflammation prior to eruption

A

Enamel hypocalcification and hypoplasia

82
Q

Physiology of enzymes from pancreas

A

Enzymes are secreted in inactive state and activated in the lumen of SI by action of the brush border enzyme enterokinase which converts trypsinogen to trypsin. Trypsin initiates separation of the other proteolytic enzymes from their inactive precursors.

83
Q

Ineffectual straining to urinate or defecate and dyschezia or painful bowel movements. Indicative of issue in distal colon and lower urinary tract

A

Tenesmus

84
Q

Increased frequency, decreased volume and often hematochezia, mucus, and tenesmus

A

Large Bowel Diarrhea

85
Q

Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive Lesions

A

Progressive disorder in cats, begins with enamel resorption that extends to dentin eventually reaching the pulp cavity. Crown my easily fracture off leaving roots that are cause of ongoing inflammation. With type two lesions crown amputation preferred

86
Q

How to diagnose HGE

A

Hemoconcentration (PCV >55%) and normal total protein combined with clinical signs.

87
Q

Before biopsy of intestines is performed these therapies are tried

A

Hypoallergenic or high fiber diet, Antibiotic trial and Response to broad spectrum deworming

88
Q

How to diagnose hiatal hernia

A

Plain films or esophagram or films taken with pressure on the abdomen (paddle) or fluoroscopy or occasional endoscopic visualization.

89
Q

Which antibiotic would you use for suppurative cholangiohepatitis

A

Clavamox

90
Q

Common electrolyte issue with vomiting or anorexic patients.

A

Hypokalemia. K+ supplements often needed. Use oral supplements if able to as they are most effective.

91
Q

Can occur due to hyperparathyroidism (primary or renal failure) or from nutritional causes. Treat by taping muzzle for 3 weeks.

A

Rubber jaw

92
Q

Treatment for esophagitis

A

Decrease gastric acidity (omeprazole) and reducing reflux (cisapride) and protecting esophagus (sucralfate). May need gastrotomy tube to bypass esophagus so it can heal.

93
Q

How to diagnose Idiopathic gastric hypomotility

A

Exclusion of other lesions and fluoroscopic studies showing decreased motility.

94
Q

Often idiopathic. May be abnormal colonic neurotransmitters. Principally in cats. Signs include anorexia, vomiting and dehydration, with history of inappropriate defecation. Fecal mass usually palpable and massively dilated colon.

A

Megacolon

95
Q

Immunosuppressive therapy for IBD includes

A

Prenisone (do not taper until clinical remission)
Azathioprine (in large breeds in beginning)

In cats: Prednisolone, methylprendnisolone or budesonide with Chlorambucil if need more than steroids (Cannot use Azathioprine in cats)

96
Q

Contagious papilloma virus induced warts resolve spontaneously in 6-12 weeks usually by might need treatment.

A

Oral Papillomatosis

97
Q

How to feed nasoesophageal diet for hepatic lipadosis

A

Use clinicare at 1/3- 1/2 the resting energy requirements once emesis under control.

98
Q

Serotonin receptor antagonist used to prevent vomiting

A

Ondanestron

99
Q

How to diagnose chronic gastritis

A

Gastric biopsy

100
Q

Most common type of scaler. Uses linear pattern. Water used as a coolant. Minimize time on each tooth to less than 15 sec to prevent heat damage.

A

Ultrasonic scaler

101
Q

Liver condition associated with significant ptylism

A

Hepatic encephalopathy

102
Q

Intestinal lymphatic obstruction leading to dilation, rupture of lacteals, and loss of protein, lymphocytes, and chylomicrons at the same time granulomas occur. Usually idiopathic but can be congenital or acquired from malformation or disease. Occurs in dogs (Wheatons, Yorkies). Can have diarrhea but usually present for ascities

A

Intestinal lymphangiectasia

103
Q

How to monitor for refeeding syndrome when treating hepatic lipadosis

A

Measure PCV q12h and phosphorus. (Drop in phosphorus and hemolytic crisis are signs)

104
Q

Supportive care for mildly affected cases of pancreatitis

A

Keep NPO for at least 12 hours and begin oral alimentation
SC fluids until vomiting ceases for 12 hours
Re-asses frequently for more aggressive care
Analgesia

105
Q

Chronic care for megacolon

A

Altered fibre of low or high, stool softeners, cisapride, and possibly a subtotal colectomy as last resort

106
Q

Frank blood in the feces. If on the surface its from distal colon, if mixed its higher up

A

Hematochezia

107
Q

Benign overgrowth, leads to psuedopocket formation where periodontal disease can proliferate. Risk factors are boxers ad cyclosporine therapy.

A

Gingival Hyperplasia

108
Q

Syndrome where duodenum/jejunum have higher than normal bacterial count and host has abnormal response to the bacteria. Causes impaired motility, mucosal disease, and impaired host defense. Bacteria thought to injure mucosa through deconjugation of bile acids, fatty acid hydroxylation, and generation of alcohols.

A

Antibiotic responsive enteropathy

109
Q

Drug used to prevent bacterial translocation

A

Ampicillin IV

110
Q

Involves forming a food bolus at the base of the tongue with subsequent opening of the upper esophageal sphincter and pharyngeal peristalsis to move the food into the esophagus.

A

Oropharyngeal phase of swallowing

111
Q

Only way to accurately diagnose pancreatitis in the cat

A

Pancreatic biopsy

112
Q

In cats permanent canines are in

A

16-20 weeks

Small Animal Medicine II (2 decks)

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