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AB 1st Year Gastrointestinal > Gastroenteritis > Flashcards

Gastroenteritis Flashcards

1
Q

what is salmonella enterica?

A
  • gram -ve bacillus
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2
Q

what is the incubation for salmonella enterica?

A

12-48 hours

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3
Q

symptoms of salmonella enterica infection?

A
  • inflam of ileum, colon, diarrhoea +/- blood
  • abdo pain
  • vomit
  • dehydration
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4
Q

treatment of salmonella enterica?

A

self limiting

BUT if systemic illness, ciprofloxacin

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5
Q

investigation for salmonella enterica?

A

stool culture

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6
Q

what is campylobacter and how is it spread?

A

curved grame -ve

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7
Q

symptoms for campylobacter?

A
  • inflam of the colon/rectum
  • bloody stool
  • abdo pain
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8
Q

what triggers guilian barre?

A

C.jejuni

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9
Q

treatment for campylobacter?

A

self limiting

BUT if systemic, use a macrolide

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10
Q

investigation for campylobacter?

A

stool culture

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11
Q

what is c.diff?

A

gram +ve bacilli, can produce spores

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12
Q

how are c.diff infections caused?

A

often in hospitals, due to antibiotics killing off bacterial flora

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13
Q

complications of c.diff?

A
  • pseudomembranous colitis

- bowel perforation

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14
Q

diagnosis of c.diff?

A
  • screening for GDH

- if this is positive, test for toxins A and B

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15
Q

treatment of c.diff?

A

less severe = mentronidazole

severe = vancomycin

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16
Q

norovirus spread?

A
  • faecal oral
  • waterbourne
  • shellfish
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17
Q

norovirus incubation?

A

24-48 hours

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18
Q

norovirus symptoms?

A
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • diarrhoea
  • cramp
  • myalgia
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19
Q

norovirus investigations?

A

PCR (vomit swab/faeces)

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20
Q

roatvirus spread?

A

person to person, usually in winter

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21
Q

roatvirus symptoms?

A
  • diarrhoea, NO BLOOD

- dehydration

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22
Q

roatvirus treatment?

A

rehydration, vaccine is available

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23
Q

roatvirus diagnosis?

A

PCR of faeces

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24
Q

what is cholera?

A

gram -ve bacilli

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25
Q

spread of cholera?

A
  • person to person

- from contaminated water

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26
Q

incubation of cholera?

A

1-9 days

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27
Q

symptoms of cholera?

A
  • fluid out pour from small intestine, due to exotoxin

- rice water stools

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28
Q

treatment of cholera?

A

fluid and electrolyte replacement

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29
Q

investigations for cholera?

A

culture

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30
Q

how is salmonella typhoid/paratyphoid spread?

A
  • person to person

- contaminated food and water

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31
Q

salmonella typhoid/paratyphoid incubation?

A
  • 14-21 days
32
Q

salmonella typhoid/paratyphoid symptoms?

A
  • headache
  • fever
  • rash on abdo (rose spots)
  • diarrhoea
33
Q

salmonella typhoid/paratyphoid treatment?

A
  • ciprofloxacin
34
Q

salmonella typhoid/paratyphoid investigations?

A

blood culture and stool culture

35
Q

what is clostridium perfringens?

A

gram +ve bacillus

36
Q

how is clostridium perfringens spread?

A
  • part of normal gut flora

- spores survive cooking and produce enterotoxin

37
Q

clostridium perfringens associated with?

A

inadequately refrigerated and reheated gravy

38
Q

what is bacillus cereus?

A

gram +ve bacilli

39
Q

how is bacillus cereus spread?

A

exotoxin ingested as pre formed toxin in food OR spores survive cooking

40
Q

what is bacillus cereus associated with?

A

refrigerated and reheated rice

41
Q

what is staph aureus?

A

gram +ve cocci

42
Q

how does staph aureus cause symptoms?

A
  • produces enterotoxin, which acts on vagus nerve and vomiting centre (vomit 1-2 hours after ingestion)
43
Q

how is staph aureus spread?

A

ingesting something infected

44
Q

staph aureus symptoms?

A
  • vomit
  • headache
  • diarrhoea
45
Q

staph aureus investigations?

A

stool culture

46
Q

what is shigella?

A

gram -ve bacilli

47
Q

how is shigella spread?

A

person to person via fomites

48
Q

what are shigella symptoms?

A
  • inflam, pus and blood in stools

- abdo pain

49
Q

treatment of shigella?

A

symptomatic

50
Q

investigations of shigella?

A

stool culture

51
Q

how does E.coli cause infection and what does it cause?

A

produces a verotoxin, which damages RBC and causes HUS

52
Q

what is HUS?

A
  • increases blood urea, red cell haemolysis and thrombocytopenia
53
Q

what is the presentation of HUS?

A
  • abdo pain, fever, pallor, bloody diarrhoea

- 7-10 days after diarrhoea onset

54
Q

how is e.coli spread?

A
  • carried in the gut flora of cattle
  • usually in uncooked meat/hamburgers
  • low infecting dose
55
Q

symptoms of e.coli?

A
  • abdo pain

- bloody diarrhoea

56
Q

treatment and investigations for E.coli?

A
  • symptomatic

- check bloods for HUS, especially in

57
Q

what is cryptosporidium?

A

protozoa

58
Q

how is cryptosporidium spread?

A
  • domestic animals (calves)
  • person to person
  • associated with poor water supply/swimming pools
59
Q

what is the mechanism of cryptosporidium?

A
  • cysts are ingested and hatch into trophocytes

- these invade cells of the SI

60
Q

investigations for cryptosporidium?

A

stool microscopy

61
Q

what is giardia lamblia?

A

protozoa

62
Q

how is giardia lamblia spread?

A
  • person to person

- associated with contaminated water supplies

63
Q

mechanism of giardia lamblia?

A
  • cysts ingested, hatch into trophocytes

- invase cells of upper SI

64
Q

symptoms of giardia lamblia?

A
  • diarrhoea

- malabsorption syndrome

65
Q

treatment of giardia lamblia?

A

oral metronidazole

66
Q

investigations for giardia lamblia?

A

stool microscopy

67
Q

what are enterobius vermicularis?

A

threadworms

68
Q

spread of enterobius vermicularis?

A

person to person

69
Q

mechanism of enterobius vermicularis?

A
  • ova hatch in intestine and live in caecum and colon
  • adult females go on to perianal skin at night and lay eggs, causing perianal itch
  • scratch and put fingers in mouth
70
Q

symptoms of enterobius vermicularis?

A
  • perianal itch

- worms in stool

71
Q

treatment of enterobius vermicularis?

A

oral mebendazole

72
Q

what are amoebiasis?

A

protozoa

73
Q

spread of amoebiasis?

A

faeco oral

74
Q

symptoms of amoebiasis?

A
  • acute bloody diarrhoea

- can cause abscesses

75
Q

treatment of amoebiasis?

A
  • metronidazole

- remove from the lumen with paromomycin or diloxanide furoate

76
Q

investigations for amoebiasis?

A
  • examine hot stool for ova/cysts

- serology for extra intestinal disease

AB 1st Year Gastrointestinal (9 decks)

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