Gastro 5 - Duodenum Flashcards
What type of vomit is seen in duodenal atresia? Which condition is associated with duodenal atresia?
Bilious vomiting. Down syndrome.
What radiological finding can we see in duodenal atresia?
A double bubble.
What does the Sphincter of Oddi do and where is it found?
It is the sphincter that regulates the flow of enzymes from the ampulla of Vater, where the main pancreatic duct flows to, to reach the duodenum.
What are three causes that can clog up the biliary tract?
Biliary sludge. Gallstones. Pancreatic tumor.
What is the procedure to visualize the biliary tract?
Endoscopic Retrograde CholangioPancreatogram (ERCP).
Which cells secrete CCK (Cholecystokinin)? What does it do?
I cells in the duodenum. Decreases gastric emptying. Increases pancreatic secretion. Causes gallbladder contraction.
Which cells produces Secretin? What does it do?
Secreted by the S cells. Facilitates secretion of bicarb by the pancreatic ducts. Neutralizes the gastric acid.
Which cells produce GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)? What does it do?
Produced by K cells. It decreases acid production. It increases insulin release.
What do Brunner glands do?
Only located in the duodenum submucosa. It secretes an alkaline mucus to neutralize the gastric acid coming from the stomach.
What does Somatostatin do? Which cells produce it?
The “anti” hormone. It shuts down the release of: Gastrin, CCK, Secretin, GIP, VIP, Insulin, Glucagon. It is produced by D cells (all thru the GI tract), and Delta cells (in the pancreas).
Which cells produce VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide)? What does it do?
Made by smooth muscle cells in the gut and Parasympathetic ganglia and the enteric nervous system. It relaxes smooth muscle and sphincters thru the GI tract: copious watery diarrhea. It increases secretion of electrolytes and water.
What does Motilin do?
It produces migrating motor complexes, which are huge peristaltic waves that go thru the GI tract.
What is the mechanism of action of Bethanechol?
It is a cholinergic agonist. A prokinetic agent.
What is the mechanism of action of Neostigmine?
It is a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. It is a Prokinetic agent.
What is the mechanism of action of Metoclopramide? What is a side effect of this drug?
Two-pronged: stimulates serotonin agonist receptors and antagonist dopamine D2 receptors. It can cause seizures.
Why do macrolides can be prokinetic agents?
Because they stimulate smooth muscle receptors.
What is the ligament that connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon?
Gastrocolic ligament.
Which ligament connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the spleen?
The gastrosplenic ligament.
Which ligament connects the spleen to the posterior abdominal wall of the perotineal cavity?
Splenorenal ligament.
What are the two ligaments that need to be cut in order to remove the spleen?
Gastrosplenic ligament. Splenorenal ligament.
What is the ligament that connects to the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver?
Gastrohepatic ligament.
Which ligament connects the liver to the duodenum?
The hepatoduodenal ligament.
What does the hepatoduodenal ligament contain?
The portal triad: Hepatic artery, Common bile duct, Portal vein.
Which ligament connects the liver to the anterior wall?
Falciform ligament.
